9-1-1 , also written 911 , is the emergency phone number for the North American Numbers Plan (NANP), one of eight N11 codes. Like other emergency numbers worldwide, this number is intended for use in emergencies only, and using it for other purposes (such as making fake or prank calls) is a crime in a particular jurisdiction.
In more than 98% of locations in the United States and Canada, a "9-1-1" call from any phone will connect callers to the emergency shipping office - called a public security answer point (PSAP) by the telecommunication industry - - who can send emergency responders to the caller's location in an emergency. About 96% of the US, an enhanced 9-1-1 system automatically matches caller numbers with physical addresses.
In the Philippines, the 9-1-1 emergency hotline has been available to the public since August 1, 2016, although it was first available in Davao City. This is the first of its kind in the Asia-Pacific region. This replaces the previous 117 emergency numbers used outside of Davao City.
In 2017, the 9-1-1 system is in use in Mexico, where implementation in various states and cities is being undertaken.
999 is used in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, UK, and many parts of England among other places. 112 is the equivalent emergency number used in the EU and other countries. In the US, some operators, including AT & amp; T, map number 112 to the 9-1-1 emergency number. 000 is used in Australia. 100 is the Indian emergency number.
Video 9-1-1
History
In the early days of phone technology, prior to the development of the phone call, all phone calls were aided by the operator. To make a call, the caller is asked to pick up the receiver, sometimes rotate the magneto crank, and wait for the telephone operator to answer. The caller will then ask to be connected to the number they want to call, and the operator will make the necessary connections manually, via the switchboard.
In an emergency, the caller might just say "Get me a cop", "I want to report a fire", or "I need an ambulance or doctor". Until the dial service starts to work, someone can not make calls without proper operator assistance.
The first known use of a national emergency telephone number started in the UK in 1937, using number 999, which continues to this day. In the United States, the impetus for the development of America's national emergency phone number came in 1957 when the National Fire Chief Association recommended that one number be used to report a fire. The first city in North America to use the central emergency number was the Canadian city of Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1959, which instituted a change at the urging of Stephen Juba, the mayor of Winnipeg at the time. Winnipeg initially used 999 as the emergency number, but the switch number when 9-1-1 was proposed by the United States. In 1967, the Presidential Commission for Law Enforcement and Justice Administration recommended the creation of a single number that could be used nationally to report emergencies. The Federal Communications Commission then met with AT & T in November 1967 to select the number.
In 1968, the number was approved. AT & amp; T picks 9-1-1, which is simple, easy to remember, easy to call, and because the middle 1, shows a special number (see also 4-1-1 and 6-1-1) work well with the phone system in place on back then (the 999 will not). At that time, this announcement only affected the telephone company Bell System; independent phone companies are not included in emergency phone plans. However, Bob Gallagher of the Alabama Phone Company decided he wanted to apply it before AT & amp; T, and the company chose Haleyville, Alabama, as the location.
On February 16, 1968, Alabama Chairman of House Rankin Fite placed the first 9-1-1 call from Haleyville Town Hall, to congressman Tom Bevill, at the city police station. Bevill was accompanied by the director of the Gallagher Public Service Commission and Alabama Eugene "Bull" Connor. The phone used to answer the first 9-1-1 call, a bright red model, is now in a museum in Haleyville, while a duplicate phone is still in use at the police station.
AT & amp; T made his first implementation in Huntington, Indiana, the hometown of J. Edward Roush, who sponsored federal legislation to establish a national system, on March 1, 1968. However, the deployment of 9-1-1 implementations took many years. For example, although the City of Chicago, Illinois, had access to 9-1-1 services in early 1976, the Illinois Commerce Commission did not authorize the Illinois Bell telephone service provider to offer 9-1-1 to the Chicago suburbs until 1981. Implementation was not immediately done ; in 1984, only eight Chicago suburbs in Cook County had service 9-1-1. By the end of 1989, at least 28 suburbs of Chicago still lacked service 9-1-1; some of these cities have previously opted to refuse service 9-1-1 due to costs and - according to emergency response personnel - failure to recognize the benefits of the 9-1-1 system. In 1979, 26% of the US population could call the number. This increased to 50% in 1987 and 93% in 2000. By December 2017, 98.9% of the US population had access.
The 9-1-1 conversion in Canada began in 1972, and by 2018 almost all regions, except for some rural areas, such as the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, used 9-1-1. In 2008, every year Canada made twelve million calls to 9-1-1.
On September 15, 2010, AT & T announced that the State of Tennessee has approved a service to support text to 9-1-1 across states, where AT & T will be able to allow its users to send text messages to 9- PSAP.
Most of Britain's Outer Territories in the Caribbean use North American Numbering Plans; Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands use 9-1-1.
On 3 October 2016, sixteen Mexican states switched their emergency phone numbers from 0-6-6 to 9-1-1, and the entire country converted in June 2017.
Maps 9-1-1
Enhanced 9-1-1
Improved 9-1-1 (E-911 or E911) automatically gives dispatcher caller location, if available. The 9-1-1 increase is available in most areas (about 96 percent of the US).
In all North American jurisdictions, special privacy laws allow emergency operators to obtain phone numbers and caller location information 9-1-1. This information is collected by mapping the phone number of the call to the address in the database. This database function is known as Automatic Location Identification (ALI). The database is generally managed by a local telephone company, under contract with PSAP. Each phone company has its own standards for formatting the database. Most ALI databases have a companion database known as MSAG, Master Street Address Guide. MSAG describes address elements including proper spelling of street names, and range of street numbers.
In the case of a mobile phone, the associated billing address is not always the location that an emergency responder should send, because the device is portable. This means that finding callers is more complicated, and there are different legal and technical requirements. To locate a cell phone geographically, there are two general approaches: to use some form of radiolocation from a cellular network, or to use a Global Positioning System recipient built into the phone itself. Both approaches are described by the radio location resource service protocol (LCS protocol). Depending on the phone hardware, one of two types of location information may be provided to the operator. The first is Wireless Phase One (WPH1), which is the location of the tower and the direction the call originated, and the second is Wireless Phase Two (WPH2), which provides an approximate GPS location.
As Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology matures, service providers begin connecting VoIP with public telephone networks and marketing VoIP services as cheap replacement phone services. However, E911 regulations and legal sanctions have severely hampered the broader application of VoIP: VoIP is much more flexible than landline phone service, and there is no easy way to verify the physical location of the caller on a nomadic VoIP network at any given time (especially in the case of wireless networks ), and so many service providers are offering a special 9-1-1 service to avoid heavy E-911 penalties. VoIP services try improvising, such as routing 9-1-1 calls to administrative phone numbers from Public Safety Answering Point, adding on software to track phone location, etc.
In response to the E911 challenge inherent to IP phone systems, special technology has been developed to locate callers in an emergency. Some of these new technologies allow callers to be under special offices on certain floors of a building. This solution supports multiple organizations with IP telephony networks. This solution is available for service providers offering IP PBX and residential VoIP services. This segment is becoming increasingly important in IP phone technology including the E911 call routing service and automated telephone tracking equipment. Many of these solutions have been made in accordance with FCC, CRTC and NENA i2 standards, to help companies and service providers reduce responsibility issues and meet E911 regulations.
Computer-assisted submissions
9-1-1 dispatcher uses computer-aided delivery (CAD) to record police service logs, fire, and EMS. This can be used to send messages to the sender via the mobile data terminal (MDT) and/or used to store and retrieve data (ie radio logs, field interviews, client information, schedules etc.). The dispatcher may announce the call details to the field unit via two-way radio. Some systems communicate using the selective call feature of a two-way radio system.
CAD systems can send text messages with call-to-service details to alphanumeric pagers or wireless phone text services such as SMS. The main idea is that the people at the shipping center can easily see and understand the status of all the units being shipped. CAD provides the look and tools so that dispatchers have the opportunity to handle call-to-service as efficiently as possible.
Funding service 9-1-1
In the United States, 9-1-1 and 9-1-1 upgrades are usually funded under state laws that charge a monthly fee for local and wireless phone subscribers. In Canada, similar fees for service structures are governed by Federal Canadian Radio Television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).
Depending on location, district and city may also charge fees, which may be in addition, or in lieu of, federal fees. Charges are collected by local phone and wireless carriers through a monthly surcharge on the customer's phone bill. The fees collected are deposited to 9-1-1 administrative bodies, which may be state 9-1-1 councils, state public utility commissions, state revenue departments, or local 9-1-1 agencies. These institutions disburse funds to Public Safety Answers Point for purposes 9-1-1 as defined in various laws.
Phone companies in both the United States and Canada, including wireless carriers, may be eligible to apply and receive reimbursement for their compliance fees with federal and state laws requiring that their networks be compatible with 9-1-1 and upgraded 9 -1 -1.
Fees vary by region. They can range from about $ 0.25 per month to $ 3.00 per month, per line. The average 9-1-1 wireless charge in the United States, based on the cost for each country published by the National Emergency Number Association (NENA), is about $.72.
Monthly charges usually do not vary based on customer use of the network, although some countries limit the number of lines that are charged for the multi-line business.
Emergency service response
Reaching the 9-1-1 operator does not guarantee that emergency services will actually be able to respond to the call, as the service is funded and operated separately. An unusual example occurred during the budget crisis in Josephine County, Oregon in 2013, when no local police were on duty and no state police were available to respond to a rude female caller whose girlfriend was in the process of entering her apartment. After the caller spends ten minutes on the phone with the dispatcher, the ex-girlfriend manages to break and rape her.
In 2013, the family of murder victims in Detroit, Stacey Hightower sued the city for a 90 minute 9-1-1 response time. For Robert Poff, a patient with respiratory problems, a twenty-minute delay in calling for emergency medical help proved fatal. The police emergency response time in a city bankrupt in 2013 is usually fifty minutes to an hour, and the ambulance response time is at least twelve to twenty minutes.
Issues with 9-1-1
Inactive phone
In the US, some states have rules that require any landline phone that can access the network can call 9-1-1, regardless of any reason that normal service may have been disconnected (including not paying). (This applies only to states that have a Do Not Disconnect policy.) Phone companies in the state must provide "soft" or "warm" dial tone services; details can be found at FCC. On a cable phone (home phone), this is usually done with a "soft" dial tone, which sounds normal but will only allow emergency calls (or, in some cases, will mention local phone company numbers that may be called to start regular services.) , unused and unpublished phone numbers will be issued to the channel so that it will work properly.
With regard to mobile phones, the rules require operators to connect 9-1-1 calls from any phone, regardless of whether the phone is currently active. Similar rules for inactive phones apply in Canada.
When mobile phones are turned off, phone numbers are often recycled to new users, or to new phones for the same user. Disabled phones will continue to call 9-1-1 (if it has battery power) but operator 9-1-1 will see a special number indicating the phone has been disabled. Usually represented by area code (911) -xxx-xxxx. If the call is disconnected, operator 9-1-1 will not be able to connect to the original caller. Also because cell phones are no longer enabled, 9-1-1 operators often can not get Phase II information.
Mobile
About 70 percent of 9-1-1 calls come from mobile phones in 2014, and find out where the calls come from the required triangulation. Research USA Today shows that where information is compiled on the subject, many calls from cell phones do not include information that allows callers to be located. Opportunities get as close as 100 feet higher in areas with more towers. But if a call is made from a big building, even that would not be enough to find the caller. The new federal rules, supported by service providers, require location information for 40 percent of calls in 2017 and 80 percent by 2021.
As recently as April 21, 2016, an unknown caller called 9-1-1 to report the death of music artist Prince still needed to deliver a 9-1-1 dispatcher with the physical address of the building where the musician died. because the dispatcher has no other way to determine the location of the caller's phone. The caller is required to place a letter with the address of the building so that emergency responders can be sent.
Internet Phone
If 9-1-1 is contacted from a commercial Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service, depending on how the provider handles the call, the call may not go anywhere, or may go to a non-emergency number at the address of the public security address corresponding to the address billing or caller service. Since a VoIP adapter can be plugged into any broadband Internet connection, a caller can actually be hundreds or even thousands of miles away from home, but if a call comes to an answer point at all, it will be a call associated with the caller's address. and not the actual call location. It may never be possible to identify the location of VoIP users reliably and accurately, even if the GPS receiver is installed in the VoIP adapter, since such phones are usually used indoors, and thus may not be able to obtain a signal.
In March 2005, the Vonage commercial Internet telephony provider was sued by the Texas Attorney General, who alleged that their website and other sales and service documentation were not clear enough that Vonage's terms of service 9-1-1 were not done in the traditional way.. In May 2005, the FCC issued an order requiring VoIP providers to offer 9-1-1 services to all their subscribers within 120 days of issued orders. These orders trigger anxiety among many VoIP providers, who find it to be too expensive and require them to adopt a solution that will not support VoIP products in the future. In Canada, federal regulators have required Internet service providers (ISPs) to provide services that are equivalent to conventional PSAP, but even have problems with caller location, because the data base depends on the billing address of the company.
In May 2010, most VoIP users calling 9-1-1 were connected to a call center owned by their telephone company, or contracted by them. The operator is most often not trained emergency service providers, and is just there to do their best to connect the caller to the appropriate emergency services. If the call center can determine the location of an emergency, they try to transfer the caller to the appropriate PSAP. Most often the caller is eventually directed to the PSAP in the general area of ​​an emergency. The 9-1-1 operator in the PSAP should then determine the location of the emergency, and send assistance directly, or transfer the caller to the appropriate emergency services.
VoIP services operating in Canada must provide 9-1-1 emergency services. In April 2008, an 18-month-old boy in Calgary, Alberta died after carrier 9-1-1 operator Toronto VoIP had sent an ambulance to a family residence address in Mississauga, Ontario.
SWATting
The US Federal Bureau of Investigation has warned of an increase of false-deliberate alarms where incorrect origins are shown on calls to emergency services to send SWAT teams or full-armed police to the door of unsuspecting citizens' homes. Voice over IP (VoIP) has contributed greatly to problems by making the origin of the call more difficult to determine quickly and reliably.
In California, state governor Jerry Brown signed a law that imposes a liability for the full cost of this false alarm, which can reach $ 10,000 or more per incident.
Emergency across jurisdictions
When a caller calls 9-1-1, the call is diverted to the local public security answering point. However, if the caller reports an emergency in another jurisdiction, the dispatcher may or may not know how to contact the appropriate authorities. Publicly-listed telephone numbers for most US police departments are non-emergency numbers that often specifically instruct callers to call 9-1-1 in case of an emergency, which does not solve the problem for callers outside of jurisdiction. In the era of high-speed Internet communications both commercially and privately, this issue is becoming an increasing problem.
NENA has developed a North American 9-1-1 Database of Resources that includes the National PSAP Registry. PSAP may request this database to obtain emergency contact information from PSAP in other countries or countries when receiving calls involving other jurisdictions. Online access to this database is provided at no charge to the local and state official 9-1-1 authorities.
Misdialing
In the 919 area code, including Raleigh, North Carolina and surrounding communities, the second area code (984) is added using an overlay plan in 2011. Starting March 2012, the person making the call from the 919 area code should contact the whole number including the area code even for local calls , and many people start with 9-1-1, realize their mistakes, and get disconnected. Three months after the change, the police in Wake County responded to six more "hang-ups", all of which needed a response. This response could be a callback from the dispatcher (slowing down the ability to respond to a real emergency), or if it does not get results, a visit from the police. A supervisor suggested that people stay on the line and explain the mistake. For all of 2012, the number of hang-ups in Wake County is almost three times that of before the transition; more than 30,000 police responses were generated. By 2014, hang-up calls stay high, about four times that of before.
A PBX system requiring "9" to reach the outline and "1" is used to indicate the area code can be a problem. If the phone key does not pick up the input correctly or the caller accidentally pressed the button several times, the caller may misread 9-9-1-1 (not 9-1). If so, the first 9 is connected to the outside network, and then call 9-1-1 is placed.
Make a public call
News and events programs like Rescue 911 have broadcast actual calls to center 9-1-1.
Ohio Senator Tom Patton introduced a bill in 2009 that would ban broadcasting calls from 9-1-1, requiring the use of transcripts instead. Patton believes that people will be reluctant to call because of possible retaliation or threats against those who call. He intends to seek evidence from this idea to satisfy those who do not believe it, or that broadcasting 9-1-1 calls a painful inquiry. The Ohio Fraternal Order of Police supports the bill because the 9-1-1 call broadcast has been "sensational". Director of the Ohio Association of Broadcasters, Chris Merritt said the government should not have the right to decide how public records are used. Other opponents of such a ban point out that the recordings make the dispatcher accountable and show when they are not doing their job properly, by means of a transcript can not.
A bill signed by Alabama Governor Bob Riley on April 27, 2010, requires a court order before the recording can be published. Alaska, Florida, Kentucky, and Wisconsin also have bills that prohibit the broadcast. Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wyoming have banned the broadcast.
In April 2011, the Tennessee Senate issued a bill prohibiting broadcast calls unless the caller gave permission.
The North Carolina law defines the 9-1-1 record as a public record, but the exception allows officials to release transcripts or distorted sounds.
See also
- 3-1-1, non-emergency number
- 911 Tapping Protocol
- Dial 1119 , a feature film of MGM 1950 depicting "1119" as the police emergency number
- eCall
- Emergency Medical Dispatcher
- Emergency phone
- Emergency telephone numbers
- Enhanced 9-1-1
- In an emergency
- Next Generation 9-1-1
- Reversed 911
References
External links
- Service Guide 9-1-1 Wireless Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
- How to Use 9-1-1 from KidsHealth
- Emergency Numbers Worldwide from 911dispatch.com
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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