Armenia ( Ã, ( Ã, listen ) ; Armenian: ???????? , translit.Ã, Hayastan , IPA: Ã, [h? J? S't? N ] ), officially the Republic of Armenia (Armenia: ???????????????????? ?, , translit.Ã, Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun , IPA: Ã,
[h? J? St? Ni h? N ?? p? Tut? 'June] </span>), is confined the country's mainland in the South Caucasus region, which serves as the boundary between Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is located in the Highlands of Armenia, bordering Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the independent Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan in the east, and the Iranian and Azerbaijan Nakhchivan in the south.</p><p>Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic country with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was founded in 860 BC and in the 6th century BC was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. The kingdom of Armenia reached its peak under the Great Tigranes in the 1st century BC and became the first country in the world to adopt Christianity as an official religion in the late third or early fourth century. The official date of adoption of the Christian state is 301. The ancient Armenian kingdom was divided between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the beginning of the 5th century. Under the Bagratuni dynasty, the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century. Declining because of the war against the Byzantines, the kingdom fell in 1045 and Armenia was soon attacked by the Seljuk Turks. An Armenian kingdom and then a Cilician Armenian kingdom lie on the Mediterranean coast between the 11th and 14th centuries.</p><p>Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Armenian traditional homeland of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia was under the rule of the Ottoman empires and Iran, repeatedly ruled by either of them for centuries. In the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was conquered by the Russian Empire, while much of the western part of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically destroyed in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, after the Russian Revolution and the collapse of the Russian Empire, Armenia emerged as the First Republic of Armenia. In 1920, the state was incorporated into the Socialist Republic of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federation, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into a full Union republic. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union.</p><p>Armenia recognizes Armenian Apostolic Church, the oldest national church in the world, as the country's premier religious institution. The unique Armenian alphabet was invented by Mesrop Mashtots in 405 AD.</p><p>Armenia is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union, the Council of Europe and the Organization of Collective Security Agreements. Armenia supports the independent Artsakh de facto Republic, proclaimed in 1991.</p><p> <br /><h2><span id="mapsanddirection">Video Armenia</span></h2><div class="divgmapsembed"><center><p></p><iframe style="border:0; max-width: 560px; width: 100%; height: 315px;" src="//www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ChkJpnOgIwQ?rel=0&controls=1&autoplay=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></center></div><p></p> <br /><br /> <h2> <span id = "Etymology"> Etimologi </span> </h2></p><p>Original Armenian original name for country is <span lang = "hy" title = "Armenian text"> ???? </span> (<i> <span lang = "hy-Latn" title = "Armenian language text"> Hayk '</span> </i>), but is currently rarely used. Contemporary name <span lang = "hy" title = "Armenian text"> ???????? </span> (<i> Hayastan </i>) became popular in the Middle Ages with the addition of Persian Persons <i> -stan </i> (place).. However the origin of the Hayastan name traces back to a much more early and first proved around the 5th century in the works of Agathangelos, Faustus of Byzantium, Ghazar Parpetsi, Koryun, and Sebeos.</p><p>This name is traditionally derived from the Hayk (Armenian-Armenian), legendary patriarch of Armenia and great-grandchild of Noah, who, according to the fifth century writer , Moses of Chorene, defeated Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and founded his people in the Ararat region. The further origins of the name are uncertain. It also further postulates that the name <i> Hay </i> comes from one of Hede's two subordinate countries, the confederation - aya? A-Azzi (1600-1200 BC).</p><p>The exonym <i> Armenia </i> is attested in Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as <i> Armina </i> (). Ancient Greek term <span lang = "grc"> ??????? </span> (<i> ArmenÃÆ'a </i>) and <span lang = "grc"> ???????? </span> (<i> ArmÃÆ' Â © nioi </i>, "Armenians") was first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (about 550 BC - c 476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general who served on several Persian expeditions, described many aspects of Armenian life and hospitality around 401 BC. He recounted that people spoke a language that to his ears sounded like Persian. According to the history of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, <i> Armenia </i> is derived from the Aramaic name, the descendant of a straight line from Hayk. The Table of Nations lists Aram as the son of Shem, to whom the Book of Yubilees proves, <blockquote></p><p>"And for Aram appears the fourth part, all the land of Mesopotamia between Tigris and Euphrates north of the Chaldeans to the border of the Assyrian mountains and the land of 'Arara." </blockquote></p><p>Jubilee 8:21 also divides Mount Ararat to Shem, Jubilee 9: 5 laid to be distributed to Aram. The Flavius ​​historian â € <â € <Josephus also states in his Antiquities of the Jews, <blockquote></p><p>"Aram possessed Aramaic, which the Greeks called the Syrians:... Of the four sons of Aram, Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus: this state lies between Palestine and Celesyria, Ul founded Armenia, and Collected Bactrians; and Mesa the Mesaneans now called Charax Spasini. " </blockquote> <br /><h2><span id="mapsanddirection2">Maps Armenia</span></h2><div class="divgmapsembed"><center><p></p><iframe style="border:0; max-width: 560px; width: 100%; height: 315px;" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed/v1/place?key=AIzaSyAXSfK_nzDN64x2DtO9nkdAZyqEHYNq39g&q=Armenia" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></center></div><p></p> <br /><br /> <h2> <span id = "History"> History </span> </h2> <h3> <span id = "Antiquity"> Antiquity </span> </h3></p><p>Armenia is located on a plateau surrounding the Ararat mountains. There is evidence of an early civilization in Armenia in the Bronze Age and earlier, aged around 4000 BC. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 in the Areni-1 cave complex have resulted in the earliest discovery of leather shoes, skirts, and wine production facilities in the world.</p><p>Several Bronze Bronze Bronze Periods in the Greater Armenia region, including Hitt (at the peak of their power), Mitanni (historical historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500-1200 BC). Nairi people (12th to 9th century BC) and Urartu (1000-600 BC) sequentially assigned their sovereignty over the Armenian Plateau. Each of these nations and tribes mentioned above participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenians. A large nail-inscribed inscription found in Yerevan establishes that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the oldest city in the world that has documented the exact date.</p><p>During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity called Armenia by a neighboring population was established under the Orontida Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territory. The Kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and began the power of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its peak between 95 and 66 BC under the Great Tigranes, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time in the east of the Roman Republic.</p><p>In subsequent centuries, Armenia was in the area of ​​influence of the Persian Empire during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, who was a branch of the Parthian Empire. Throughout its history, the Armenian kingdom enjoyed a period of independence and a period of autonomy subject to contemporary kingdom. Its strategic location between the two continents has been the target of many invasions, including Assyria (under Asyurbanipal, around 669-627 BC, Assyrian boundaries reaching as far as Armenia and the Caucasus Mountains), Media, Achaemenid Empire, Greece, the Parthians, Romans, Sasanian Empire, Byzantine Empire, Arabia, Seljuk Empire, Mongol, Ottoman Empire, successive Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar of Iranian dynasty, and Russia.</p><p>Religion in ancient Armenia is historically associated with a series of beliefs that, in Persia, led to the rise of Zoroastrianism. It mainly focuses on the worship of Mithra and also includes the ranks of gods like Aramazd, Vahagn, Anahit, and Astghik. The country uses the solar calendar of Armenia, which consists of 12 months.</p><p>Christianity spread to the country in the early 40th century. Tiridates III of Armenia (238-314) made Christianity a state religion in 301, in part, against the Sasanian Empire, apparently the first official Christian state, ten years earlier. The Roman Empire gave Christian an official tolerance under Galerius, and 36 years before Constantine the Great was baptized. Prior to this, during the last part of the Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian state.</p><p>After the fall of the Armenian Empire in 428, most Armenians were included as marzpanate in Sasania Kingdom. After the Battle of Avarayr in 451, the Armenian Christians retained their religion and Armenian gained autonomy. <h3> <span id = "Middle_Ages"> Medieval </span> </h3></p><p>After the Sasania period (428-636), Armenia emerged as Arminiya, an autonomous kingdom under the Umayyad Caliphate, reuniting the land of Armenia previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The kingdom was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and was recognized by the Caliph and Byzantine Emperor. It is part of the Arminiya administrative division/emirate </i> created by the Arabs, who also belongs to parts of Georgia and the Caucasus Albania, and has its center in the Armenian city of Dvin. His armament lasted until 884, when he regained his independence from the weak Abbasid Caliphate under Ashot I of Armenia.</p><p>The revived Armenian government was ruled by the Bagratuni dynasty and lasted until 1045. Later, some Armenian Bagratid regions were separated as independent kingdoms and kingdoms like the Vaspurakan Kingdom ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, the Syunik Kingdom in the east, or the Artsakh Kingdom in the Nagorno region -Karabakh modern, while still admitting the supremacy of Bagratid king.</p><p>In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered the Armenian Bagratids. Soon, other Armenian countries also fell under Byzantine control. The Byzantine Empire lasted briefly, as in 1071 the Seljuk Empire defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or slavery at the hands of those who had killed their relatives, Gagik II of Armenia, King Ani, an Armenian named Ruben I, Count of Armenia, went with some of his compatriots to the gorge in the Taurus Mountains and then to Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Cilicia was finally established on 6 January 1198 under Leo I, the King of Armenia, the descendant of Count Reuben.</p><p>Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a stronghold of the Christian Ordering of the East. Cilicia's interest in the history and state of Armenia is also evidenced by the transfer of Catholic standing from the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian spiritual leader, to the region.</p><p>The Seljuk Empire soon began to crumble. At the beginning of the 12th century, the Armenian prince of the Zakarid family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent empire in northern and eastern Armenia known as Zakarid Armenia, which took place under the protection of the Kingdom of Georgia. The Orbelian Dynasty shares control with Zakarid in different parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while House of Hasan-Jalalyan controls the provinces of Artsakh and Utik as Kingdom of Artsakh. <h3> <span id = "Early_Modern_era"> The Early Modern Era </span> </h3></p><p>During the 1230s, the Mongol Empire conquered the Armenian Zakarid and then the rest of Armenia. The Mongolian invasion was soon followed by people from other Central Asian tribes such as Kara Koyunlu, Eastern Dynasty and A? Qoyunlu, which continued from the 13th century to the 15th century. After a full-scale invasion, each brought destruction to the country, with Armenia's time becoming weak.</p><p>In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Iran divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western and Eastern Armenian Armenia fell to the Safavid Empire. Due to Turco-Iran's geopolitical rivalry during the coming century in West Asia, vital parts of the region are often contested between two competing kingdoms. From the mid-sixteenth century to the Amasya Peace, and convincingly from the first half of the seventeenth century to the Zuhab Covenant until the first half of the nineteenth century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the Safavids, Afsharid and Qajar royals respectively, while Western Armenia remained in under Ottoman rule.</p><p>From 1604 Abbas I of Iran imposed a "scorched earth" policy on the territory to protect its northwest border against the Ottoman invasion forces, a policy involving the forced transfer of Armenian mobs outside their homeland.</p><p>In the 1813 Agreement of Gulistan and the Treaty of 1828 Turkmenchay, after the Russian-Persian War (1804-13) and the Russian-Persian War (1826-28), respectively, the Qajar dynasty of Iran was forced to be irrevocably handed over East Armenia, and Karabakh Khanates, to the Russian Empire.</p><p>While western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were given considerable autonomy within their own pockets and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the Turks in power). However, as Christians under strict Muslim social structure, Armenians face pervasive discrimination. As they began to push for more rights in the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, in response, organized the state-sponsored massacre of Armenia between 1894 and 1896, yielding an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacre, when they were known, gave Hamid international hatred as "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan." This period is known as the Russian Armenia.</p><p>During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of bringing together small groups in the empire that advocated reform and defended the Armenian villages from the massacre. which was widespread in some Armenian territories in the empire. Members of the Dashnaktsutyun also formed an Armenian fedayi group that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. Dashnak also works for a broader purpose of creating "free, independent and united" Armenia, although sometimes they set aside this goal for a more realistic approach, such as autonomy advocacy.</p><p>The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew Sultan Hamid's government. In April 1909, the Adana massacre took place in Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire which resulted in the deaths of 20,000-30,000 Armenians. Armenians living in the empire hope that the Unity and Progress Committee will change their second-class status. The Armenian reform package (1914) is presented as a solution by appointing the inspector general on the Armenian issue. <h3> <span id = "World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_Genocide"> World War I and Armenian Genocide </span> </h3></p><p>When World War I broke out which led to a confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaign, the new government in Istanbul began to look at the Armenians with suspicion and suspicion. This is because the Russian Imperial Army contains a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On April 24, 1915, Armenian intellectuals were captured by the Ottoman rulers and, with the Law of Tehcir (May 29, 1915), most of the Armenians living in Anatolia were killed in what is known as Armenian Genocide.</p><p>Genocide is implemented in two phases: the massacre of well-to-do male population through massacres and mandatory submission to forced labor, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and weak in the death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, deportees are deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robberies, rape, and massacres. There is a local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 were considered by the Armenians and most Western historians have become state-sponsored mass murder, or genocide.</p><p>Turkish authorities deny the genocide lasting until today. Armenian genocide is recognized as one of the first modern genocide. According to research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915-16. This figure, however, contributed solely to the first year of the Genocide and did not account for those who died or were killed after the report was drawn up on May 24, 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars put the death toll at "over a million". The total number of people killed is estimated to be between 1 and 1.5 million.</p><p>Armenian and Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for official recognition of the event as genocide for more than 30 years. This event is traditionally commemorated every year on April 24, Armenian Martyrs Day, or Armenian Genocide Day. <h3> <span id = "First_Republic_of_Armenia"> First Armenia Republic </span> </h3></p><p>Although the Imperial Imperial Army Imperial Army led by Nikolai Yudenich and the Armenians in Armenian volunteer and militia units led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian managed to gain most of the Ottoman Armenians during World War I, their advantage was lost with the Bolshevik Revolution 1917. At that time, Eastern Armenia controlled by Russia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan sought to unite in the Transcaucasian Democratic Republic. But the federation only lasted from February to May 1918, when the three sides decided to dismiss it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.</p><p>The First Republic's brief independence was full of wars, territorial disputes, and the influx of refugee mobs from Ottoman Armenia, bringing sickness and famine. The Entente Powers, struck by the actions of the Ottoman government, sought to help the newly established Armenian state through grants and other forms of support.</p><p>At the end of the war, the victorious forces sought to divide the Ottoman Empire. Signed between Allied and Associated Powers and the Ottoman Empire at SÃÆ'¨vres on August 10, 1920, the Treaty of SÃÆ'¨vres promised to defend the existence of the Armenian republic and to enclose the former Ottoman territory of Armenia into it. As Armenia's new frontier will be withdrawn by the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenian is also referred to as "Wilsonian Armenia." In addition, just a few days earlier, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Society, the de facto administration of Armenia in Cilicia, declared independence Cilicia as an autonomous republic of Armenia under the French protectorate.</p><p>There is even consideration of the possibility of making Armenia a mandate under the protection of the United States. The treaty, however, was rejected by the Turkish National Movement, and was never enforced. The movement used the agreement as an opportunity to declare itself a legitimate Turkish government, replacing the Istanbul-based monarchy with the Ankara-based republic.</p><p>In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the newly born Armenian republic from the east. Turkish troops under Kaz's command? M Karabekir seized the territory of Armenia that Russia had annexed after the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (now Gyumri). The violent conflict finally ended with the Alexandropol Treaty on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, surrendering all the territory of the former Ottomans given to it by the Treaty of SÃÆ'¨vres, and surrender all "Wilsonian Armenians" awarded to him under the SÃÆ'¨ vres. At the same time, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (now Ijevan) on 29 November. On December 4, Ordzhonikidze forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.</p><p>After the fall of the republic, the February Uprising took place in 1921, and led to the formation of the Armenian Republic Mountains by Armenian troops under the command of Garegin Nzhdeh on April 26, which fought off Soviet and Turkish intrusions at Zangezur. southern Armenia region. After the Soviet treaty to enter the Syrian Provinces on the Armenian border, the uprising ended and the Red Army took over the territory on July 13. <h3> <span id = "Soviet_Armenia"> Soviet Armenia </span> </h3></p><p>Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Alexandropol Covenant was replaced by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. Under the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to take control of Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan and me? D? R, all of which are part of the Russian Armenia.</p><p>TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when divided into three separate entities (Armenia SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgia SSR). The Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and the communist government proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent recent years of the Ottoman Empire. The difficult situation for the church, which fought under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took control of power and started a new era of fear and terror for the Armenians.</p><p>Armenia was not a battleground in World War II. An estimated 500,000 Armenians (nearly a third of the population) served in the military during the war, and 175,000 died.</p><p>Fear declined when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union. Soon, life in the Armenian Soviets began to see a rapid improvement. The Church, deeply afflicted under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen accepted his office duties in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of Armenian Genocide was built on the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan Gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after a mass demonstration occurred on the fiftieth anniversary of the tragic events of 1965.</p><p>During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, the Armenians began demanding better environmental care for their country, against the pollution brought by Soviet-made factories. Tensions have also developed between the Soviets of Azerbaijan and its autonomous district in Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia's majority region. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians in Karabakh demanded unification with the Armenian Soviets. The peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians are filled with anti-Armenian pogroms in the town of Sumgait, Azerbaijan. The problem of the Armenian Compound was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with 7.2 moments.</p><p>Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any Armenian problem creates disappointment among Armenians and feeds the growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a separate defense force from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the Yerevan-based NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVA) when the Armenians decided to commemorate the founding of the First Republic of Armenia in 1918. Violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in an exchange of fire with MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claim that MVDs use excessive force and they incite combat.</p><p>Further shootings between Armenian militia and Soviet troops took place in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of more than 26 people, mostly Armenians. The killing of the Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijan capital, Baku, to flee to Armenia. On August 23, 1990, Armenia declared its sovereignty in its territory. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, together with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a national referendum in which 78% of all voters chose to keep the Soviet Union in a reformed form. <h3> <span id = "Restoration_of_independence"> Recovery of independence </span> </h3></p><p>On 21 September 1991, Armenia formally declared its independence after a failed August coup in Moscow. Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected as the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on October 16, 1991. He has become famous for leading the Karabakh movement to the union of Nagorno-Karabakh whose inhabitants are Armenians. On December 26, 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist and Armenian independence was recognized.</p><p>Ter-Petrosyan leads Armenia with Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The early post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, rooted in the beginning of the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani People's Front succeeded in suppressing Azerbaijan SSRs to incite train and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively paralyzes the Armenian economy because 85% of its cargo and goods arrive through rail traffic. In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia to support Azerbaijan.</p><p>The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered ceasefire came into effect in 1994. The war was successful for the Armenian Karabakh forces that captured 16% of internationally recognized Azerbaijan territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediated by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). The status of Karabakh has not been determined. The economies of both countries have been harmed in the absence of complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia finally approved a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people were killed and more than a million people were displaced.</p><p>When entering the 21st century, Armenia faced many difficulties. This has made a full change to the market economy. One study ranks the 41 most free economies in the world by 2014. Its relationship with Europe, the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States has allowed Armenia to increase its trade. Gas, oil, and other supplies come through two important routes: Iran and Georgia. Armenia maintains good relations with both countries. <br /><center><div style='max-width: 550px;'><img alt="Armenia the easiest place to hitchhike in the world | Unusual Traveler" src="http://i0.wp.com/imgstorage.ga/wp-contents/uploads/2018/06/DdzNVV.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Armenia the easiest place to hitchhike in the world | Unusual Traveler"></div><div style="font-size:8pt; width: 100%; align: left; color: grey;">src: unusualtraveler.com</div></center> <br /><br /> <h2> <span id = "Geography"> Geography </span> </h2></p><p>Armenia is a landlocked country in the Transcaucasus geopolitical region, located in the Southern Caucasus Mountains and lowlands between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and northeast of the Armenian Plateau. Armenia borders north by Georgia, east by Azerbaijan; south by Iran; and southwest and west by Turkey. Armenia is located between the latitudes of 38Ã, Â ° and 42Ã, Â ° N, and the meridians 43Ã, Â ° and 47Ã, Â ° E. <h3> <span id = "Topography"> Topography </span> </h3></p><p>The Republic of Armenia has a territory of 29,743 square kilometers (11,484 m²). The area is mostly mountainous, with a fast-flowing river, and a bit of forest. The soil rises to 4,090 meters (13,419 ft) above sea level on Mount Aragats, and there is no point below 390 meters (1,280 ft) above sea level. The average height of the country's territory is the 10th highest in the world. <dl> <dt> Mount Ararat </dt> </dl></p><p>Mount Ararat, which is historically part of Armenia, is the highest mountain in the region. Now located in Turkey, but visible from Armenia, it is considered by the Armenians as a symbol of their land. Because of this, the mountain is present on Armenia's national emblem today. <h3> <span id = "Climate"> Climate </span> </h3></p><p>The climate in Armenia is a real highland continent. The dry and sunny summer runs from June to mid September. Temperatures fluctuated between 22 and 36 ° C (72 and 97 ° F). However, low humidity levels reduce the effects of high temperatures. A gentle breeze blowing down the mountains provides a refreshing and refreshing effect to the fun. The springs are short, while the autumn is long. Autumn is known for its lively and colorful foliage.</p><p>Winter is cool enough with lots of snow, with temperatures ranging between -10 and -5 Â ° C (14 and 23 Â ° F). Winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hill of Tsakhkadzor, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. Lake Sevan, located in the highlands of Armenia, is the second largest lake in the world relative to its height, at 1,900 meters (6,234 ft) above sea level. <h3> <span id = "Environment_protection"> Environmental protection </span> </h3></p><p>Armenia ranked 63 out of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in 2018. The rating on the Environmental Health subindex (weighed at 40% in EPI) is 109, while Armenia ranks on the subindex of the Vitality Ecosystem (weighted by 60% in EPI) is the best 27 in the world. This suggests that the major environmental problem in Armenia is with the health of the population, while environmental vitality is overlooked. Out of the sub-contributors who contribute to the Environmental Health Subindex rating on Air Quality exposed to the population is extremely unsatisfactory.</p><p>Waste management in Armenia is underdeveloped, as there is no waste separation or recycling done in 60 Armenian landfills. A sewage treatment plant is scheduled for construction near the town of Hrazdan, which will allow the closure of 10 landfills.</p><p>Despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in Armenia (mainly hydro and wind power) and calls from EU officials to shut down nuclear power plants in Metsamor, the Armenian Government is exploring the possibility of installing a new modular nuclear reactor. In 2018 the existing nuclear power plant is scheduled for modernization to improve its safety and increase electricity production by about 10%.</p><p>The Ministry of Natural Protection of Armenia introduced taxes on air and water pollution and solid waste disposal, whose revenues are used for environmental protection activities. <br /><center><div style='max-width: 550px;'><img alt="Armenia - Country Profile - Republic of Armenia - Hayastan" src="http://i0.wp.com/imgstorage.ga/wp-contents/uploads/2018/06/B93pMM.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Armenia - Country Profile - Republic of Armenia - Hayastan"></div><div style="font-size:8pt; width: 100%; align: left; color: grey;">src: www.nationsonline.org</div></center> <br /><br /> <h2> <span id = "Government_and_politics"> Government and politics </span> </h2></p><p>Armenian politics takes place within the framework of a democratic republic of semi-presidential representation. According to the Armenian Constitution, the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government of the multi-party system. The executive power is run by the President and the Government. The legislative powers are held by the Government and Parliament.</p><p>Unicameral Parliament (also called Azgayin Zhoghov or <i> National Assembly </i>) is controlled by a coalition of four political parties: the conservative Republican Party, the Armenian Prosperous Party, the Rule of Law party and the Federation of Armenian Revolutions.. The main opposition party is the legacy Party of Raffi Hovannisian, which sides with Armenia's membership in the EU and NATO.</p><p>The Armenian government says its aim is to build a Western-style parliamentary democracy as the basis of its form of government. It has universal suffrage over the age of eighteen.</p><p>International observers from the Council of Europe and the US State Department have questioned the fairness of the parliamentary and presidential elections of Armenia and the constitutional referendum since 1995, citing the shortage of polls, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of lists of elections and polls.. Freedom House categorizes Armenia in its 2008 report as a "semi-consolidated authoritarian regime" (along with Moldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan and Russia) and 20th Armenian rank among 29 countries in transition, with a Democratic Score of 5.21 from 7 (7 represents the lowest democratic progress). Freedom House placed Armenia as "partially free" in its 2007 report, although it does not categorize Armenia as "electoral democracy", indicating the absence of relatively free and competitive elections. However, significant progress seems to have been made and the 2008 presidential election of Armenia was hailed as largely democratic by the OSCE and Western monitors. <h3> <span id = "Foreign relations"> Foreign relations </span> </h3></p><p>Armenia currently maintains a positive relationship with almost every country in the world, with two major exceptions being its nearest neighbor, Turkey and Azerbaijan. Tensions increased between Armenia and Azerbaijan during the last years of the Soviet Union. The Nagorno-Karabakh war dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s. To this day, Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan are under a heavy siege. In addition, the permanent solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has not been achieved despite the mediation provided by organizations such as OSCE.</p><p>Armenia is a member of more than 40 international organizations, including the United Nations; Council of Europe; Asian Development Bank; Commonwealth of Independent States; World Trade Organization; World Customs Organization; Organization for Economic Cooperation of the Black Sea; and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO military alliance, and also participates in the NATO Partnership for Peace program.</p><p>Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia because of its refusal to recognize the Armenian Genocide, although Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (3rd republic) after its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Nevertheless, for much of the century the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, the relationship remains tense and there is no formal diplomatic relationship between the two countries because of Turkey's refusal to establish them for various reasons. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and quoted it as the reason, Turkey illegally closed its border with Armenia in 1993. It has not yet lifted the blockade despite pressure from a strong Turkish business lobby attracted to the Armenian market.</p><p>On October 10, 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on the normalization of relations, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their shared borders. Their ratification must be done in the national parliament. In Armenia he passed the legislative approval required by the Constitutional Court and sent to parliament for final ratification. The President has made several public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that as the leader of Armenia's political majority he assured the ratification of the protocol if Turkey also ratified it. Nevertheless, the process ceased, as Turkey continually added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond a reasonable period of time".</p><p>Because of its position between two unfriendly neighbors, Armenia has a close security relationship with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a military base in the town of Gyumri in northwestern Armenia. as a deterrent against Turkey. Nonetheless, Armenia has also looked towards the Euro-Atlantic structure in recent years. He maintains good relations with the United States primarily through the Armenian diaspora. According to the US Census Bureau, there are 427,822 Armenians living in the country.</p><p>Due to the illegal border blockade by Azerbaijan and Turkey, Armenia continues to maintain a solid relationship with its neighbors in southern Iran especially in the economic sector. Economic projects such as gas pipelines from Iran to Armenia are being developed.</p><p>Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe, maintaining friendly relations with the EU, especially with its member states such as France and Greece. A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenian population would support joining the EU. Some Armenian officials also expressed a desire for their country to eventually become an EU member state, some predicting that it would make an official offer for membership in a few years. In 2004 his forces joined KFOR, NATO-led international forces in Kosovo. It is also a member of observers from the Eurasian Economic Community and the Non-Aligned Movement.</p><p>The former Soviet republic of Armenia is an emerging democracy and in 2011 is negotiating with the EU to become a partner partner. By law, it has the right to be considered a prospective EU member as long as it meets the required standards and criteria, although officially the plan does not exist in Brussels. The Armenian government, however, has joined the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union.</p><p>Armenia is included in the European Union's European Environment Policy (ENP) aimed at bringing the EU and its neighbors closer. The EU-Armenia Comprehensive Partnership and Improvement Agreement (CEPA) was signed on November 24, 2017. Among other objectives is to improve the investment climate. <h3> <span id = "Human_rights"> Human rights </span> </h3></p><p>Human rights in Armenia tend to be better than in most former Soviet republics and are approaching acceptable standards, especially economically. However, there are some major problems. Overall, the country is classified "partially free" by Freedom House, which gave it a score of 45 in 2018. <h3> <span id = "Military"> Military </span> </h3></p><p>Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defense, and Border Guard consists of four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Department of Defense in 1992. The Supreme Military Commander is the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. The Ministry of Defense is responsible for political leadership, currently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan, while the military command remains in the hands of the General Staff, headed by Chief of Staff, who is currently Colonel-General Yuri Khatchaturov.</p><p>The active force now numbered about 81,000 troops, with an additional reserve of 32,000 troops. Armenian border guards are responsible for country border patrols with Georgia and Azerbaijan, while Russian troops continue to monitor their borders with Iran and Turkey. In the case of attacks, Armenia was able to mobilize any able-bodied man between the ages of 15 and 59, with military readiness.</p><p>The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, which sets out comprehensive limits on the main categories of military equipment, was ratified by the Armenian parliament in July 1992. In March 1993, Armenia signed the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention, which called for the abolition of end- This end. weapons. Armenia approved the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state in July 1993.</p><p>Armenia is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) together with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (PiP) program and is in a NATO organization called the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Armenia has been involved in a peacekeeping mission in Kosovo as part of a non-NATO KFOR army under Greek command. Armenia also has 46 members of its military peacekeeping force as part of the Coalition Forces in the Iraq War until October 2008. <h3> <span id = "Administrative_divisions"> Administrative division </span> </h3></p><p>Armenia is divided into ten provinces (<i> marzer </i>, singular <i> marz </i>), with city (<i> kagak </i>) of Yerevan (<span lang = "hy" title = "Armenian text"> ????? </span>) has a special administrative status as the state capital. The chief executive in each of the ten provinces is the marzpet </i> (<i> marz </i> governor), designated by the Armenian government. In Yerevan, the chief executive was the mayor, who was appointed by the president.</p><p>In every province there are communities (<i> hamaynkner </i>, singular <i> hamaynk </i>). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more single bnakavayrer (<i> bnakavayrer, <i> bnakavayr </i>) settlements. Settlements are classified as cities (<i> kaghakner </i>, single <i> kagak </i>) or village (<i> gyugher </i>, single <i> gyugh </i>). In 2007, Armenia included 915 communities, of which 49 were considered urban and 866 were considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has a community status. In addition, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts.</p><p>Census 2011 <br> Source: Area and population of the province. <br /><center><div style='max-width: 550px;'><img alt="Off Road Adventures in Armenia - Secret Compass" src="http://i0.wp.com/imgstorage.ga/wp-contents/uploads/2018/06/PfKwtg.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Off Road Adventures in Armenia - Secret Compass"></div><div style="font-size:8pt; width: 100%; align: left; color: grey;">src: www.secretcompass.com</div></center> <br /><br /> <h2> <span id = "Economy"> Economy </span> </h2></p><p>The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad. Prior to independence, Armenia's economy was largely industrial-based - chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed foods, synthetic rubber, and textiles - and heavily dependent on outside resources. The Republic has developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machinery, textile and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. Recently, Intel Corporation agreed to open a research center in Armenia, in addition to other technology companies, signaling the growth of the technology industry in Armenia.</p><p>Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of raw material products and number of jobs before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased significantly, its share in the late 1990s increased to over 30% of GDP and more than 40 % of total work. The increasing importance of agriculture is due to the food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phase of the transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural economic sector in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilized and regrowth, the share of agriculture in GDP fell to slightly above 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.</p><p>The Armenian Mine produces copper, zinc, gold, and tin. Most of the energy is produced with fuel imported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (for one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric. Small coal, gas and petroleum deposits exist but have not yet been developed.</p><p>Like other newly independent countries from the former Soviet Union, the Armenian economy suffered the destruction of Soviet trade patterns. Soviet investment and support for the Armenian industry have completely disappeared, so some big companies can still function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. Conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijan and Turkey border has destroyed the economy, because Armenia depends on the supply of energy from the outside and most of the raw materials. The land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. GDP fell by almost 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then continued strong growth. The national currency, dram, suffered from hyperinflation for the first years after it was introduced in 1993.</p><p>Nevertheless, the government was able to make broad economic reforms that paid off with much lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 truce in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building turnaround that started the year before, and inflation has been neglected over the past few years. New sectors, such as processing precious stones and jewelry making, information and communication technology, and even tourism began to complement the more traditional economic sectors, such as agriculture.</p><p>This steady economic progress has enabled Armenia to increase support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries expand substantial grants and loans. The loan to Armenia since 1993 exceeds $ 1.1 billion. The loan is targeted to reduce the budget deficit and stabilize the currency; develop personal business; energy; agriculture; food processing; transport; the health and education sectors; and sustainable rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on February 5, 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investment remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances most of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democracy, Armenia also hopes to get more financial help from the West.</p><p>The liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and the privatization law was adopted in 1997, as well as the privatization program of state property. Continuing progress will depend on the government's ability to strengthen macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making steps against corruption. However, unemployment, which is 18.5% by 2015, remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict.</p><p>Armenia ranked 85th in the UNDP Human Development Index 2015, the lowest among Transcaucasia republics. By 2016 that forecast rises to 84th position exceeds Ukraine. Armenia ranks 47th on an unequal human development index in inequality (IHDI) in its 2016 report, above all its neighbors with lower human inequality (ie better) than in these countries.</p><p>In 2017 the Human Freedom Index published by the Cato Armenia Institute ranks 29th for economic freedom and the 76th for personal freedom among 159 countries.</p><p>Armenia is ranked 47th on the Doing Business Index in 2018 with a 13th rank on the "initial business" sub-index.</p><p>In the International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 2015, Armenia is ranked 95 out of 168 countries. In the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Armenia ranks 54th, above countries such as France, Portugal and Italy. <br /><center><div style='max-width: 550px;'><img alt="Ancient monastery. Tatev. Armenia | Tour Operator to Armenia Sputnik" src="http://i0.wp.com/imgstorage.ga/wp-contents/uploads/2018/06/Zuk3JW.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="Ancient monastery. Tatev. Armenia | Tour Operator to Armenia Sputnik"></div><div style="font-size:8pt; width: 100%; align: left; color: grey;">src: sputniktravel.am</div></center> <br /><br /> <h2> <span id = "Science.2C_technology_and_education"> </span> <span id = "Science, technology, and education </span> </h2> <h3> <span id = "Science_and_technology"> Science and technology </span> </h3></p><p>Low research expenditures in Armenia, averaging 0.25% of GDP during 2010-2013. However, the statistical records of research expenditures are incomplete, as expenditures by private-owned business firms are not surveyed in Armenia. The world average for domestic spending for research is 1.7% of GDP in 2013.</p><p>The Science Strategy Development 2011-2020 of this country imagines that 'by 2020, Armenia is a country with a knowledge-based and competitive economy within the European Research Area with its basic and applied research level. 'That fixes the following targets: <ul> <li> Creation of systems capable of sustaining the development of science and technology; </li> <li> Development of scientific potential, modernization of scientific infrastructure; </li> <li> Promotion of basic and applied research; </li> <li> Creation of a synergistic system of education, science and innovation; and </li> <li> Be the prime location for scientific specialization at the European Research Area. </li> </ul></p><p>Under this strategy, the accompanying <i> Action Plan </i> was approved by the government in June 2011. This defines the following targets: <ul> <li> Enhance management systems for science and technology and create the conditions necessary for sustainable development; </li> <li> Involve younger, talented people in education and research, while improving the research infrastructure; </li> <li> Creating necessary conditions for the development of an integrated national innovation system; and </li> <li> Increase international cooperation in research and development. </li> </ul></p><p>Although the <i> Strategy </i> clearly pursues a 'science push' approach, with a public research institution that serves as a key policy target, it still mentions the purpose of building an innovation system. However, the main driver of innovation, the business sector, is not mentioned. Among the publications of the <i> Strategy </i> and <i> Action Plan </i>, the government passed a resolution in May 2010 on <i> Science and Technology Development Priorities for 2010-2014 </i>. These priorities are: <ul> <li> Armenian studies, humanities and social sciences; </li> <li> Life science; </li> <li> Renewable energy, new energy sources; </li> <li> Advanced technology, information technology; </li> <li> Space, Earth science, sustainable use of natural resources; and </li> <li> Basic research promoting applied research is important. </li> </ul></p><p>The law on the National Academy of Sciences was adopted in May 2011. This law is expected to play a key role in shaping the Armenian innovation system. This allows the National Academy of Sciences to expand its business activities to the commercialization of research results and the creation of spin-offs; it also makes provision for the restructuring of the National Academy of Sciences by combining the institutions involved in the field of closely related research into one body. Three of these new centers are particularly relevant: the Center for Biotechnology, the Center for Zoology and Hydro-ecology and the Center for Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceuticals.</p><p>The Government focuses its support on certain industrial sectors. Over 20 projects have been funded by the State Science Committee in targeted branches: pharmaceuticals, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, agricultural mechanization and machinery development, electronics, engineering, chemistry and, in particular, information technology.</p><p>Over the past decade, the government has sought to encourage industrial-science links. The information technology sector of Armenia has been very active: a number of public-private partnerships have been established between companies and universities, to provide students with marketable skills and generate innovative ideas on the interface of science and business. An example is Synopsys Inc. and the Company Incubator Foundation. <h3> <span id = "Education"> Education </span> </h3> <h4> <span id = "History_2"> History </span> </h4></p><p>In the Middle Ages, Gladzor University and the University of Tatev took an important role for the whole of Armenia.</p><p>A 100% literacy rate was reported in early 1960. In the communist era, Armenian education followed the Soviet model of complete state control standards (from Moscow) curriculum and methods of teaching and tight integration of educational activities with other aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and economy.</p><p>In the school year 1988-89, 301 students per 10,000 population were in special secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the average Soviet. In 1989 about 58% of Armenians over the age of fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had higher education. In the school year 1990-91, an estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students. Seventy other special secondary institutions have 45,900 students, and 68,400 students are enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary institutions that belong to the university. In addition, 35% of eligible children attend preschool schools. In 1992, Armenia's largest higher education institution, Yerevan State University, has eighteen departments, including those for social science, science, and law. Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population of about 10,000 students. National Polytechnic University of Armenia operates since 1933.</p><p>In the early 1990s, Armenia made major changes to the centralized and strictly regulated Soviet system. Since at least 98% of students in higher education are Armenians, the curriculum begins to emphasize Armenian history and culture. Armenian became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught the Russian language closed in late 1991. Russian language is still widely taught, as a second language.</p><p>In 2014, the National Program for Educational Excellence initiated the creation of an internationally competitive and academically competitive alternative program (the Araratian Baccalaureureate) for Armenian schools and increasing the importance and status of teacher roles in society. <h4> <span id = "Rule"> Rule </span> </h4></p><p>The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for the regulation of this sector.</p><p>Basic and secondary education in Armenia is free, and secondary school completion is mandatory.</p><p>Higher education in Armenia is aligned with the Bologna process.</p><p>The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia plays an important role in postgraduate education. <h4> <span id = "Secondary_education"> Intermediate education </span> </h4></p><p>School takes 12 years in Armenia and is divided into elementary school (4 years), medium (5 years) and high school (3 years). School uses a 10-class mark system.</p><p>An interesting feature of primary and secondary education is the obligatory school in playing chess.</p><p>UWC Dilijan, Ayb School and International School QSI Yerevan is a private primary and secondary school.</p><p>Tumo Center for Creative Technologies is one of the most prominent concepts of auxiliary education in Armenia.</p><p>The Armath lab is a prominent concept for engaging students in the study of technical science and applied technology.</p><p>Teach for Armenia works to improve the enrollment of elementary and secondary education in the Armenian region.</p><p>The government also supports Armenian schools outside Armenia. <h4> <span id = "Tertiary_education"> tertiary education </span> </h4> <h5> <span id = "Major_universities"> The great university </span> </h5> <ul> <li> Yerevan State University </li> <li> Yerevan State Medical University </li> <li> Armenian State University of Economics </li> <li> National Polytechnic University of Armenia </li> <li> National University of Architecture and National Development of Armenia </li> <li> Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages ​​and Social Sciences </li> <li> National Agrarian University of Armenia </li> <li> The Armenian Pedagogical University of Armenia </li> <li> The American University of Armenia </li> <li> Russian-Armenian University (Slavonic) </li> <li> Fondation UniversitÃÆ' Â © FranÃÆ'§aise en ArmÃÆ' Â © nie </li> </ul></p><p>The list of universities in Armenia includes many others. <h5> <span id = "American_University_of_Armenia"> American University of Armenia </span> </h5></p><p>The American University of Armenia has graduate programs in Business and Law, among others. This institution owes its existence to the combined efforts of the Armenian Government, the General Union of Benevolent Armenia, the US Agency for International Development, and the University of California. The AUA's extension and library programs form a new focal point for the life of English-speaking intellectuals in the city. Armenia also hosts the deployment of One Laptop per Child initiative. <h5> <span id = "Yerevan_State_Medical_University"> Yerevan State Medical University </span> </h5></p><p>On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of independent higher education institutions were formed including the Medical Institute separated in 1930 founded on the faculty of medicine. In 1980, the State Medical University of Yerevan was awarded one of the main prizes of the former Soviet Union - the Red Banner Order of Labor to train qualified specialists in health care and valuable services in the development of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was renamed YSMU and since 1989 was named after Mkhitar Heratsi, a famous medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi is the founder of the Armenian Medicine School in Cilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same role in Armenian Medicine as Hippocrates in the West, Galen in Rome, Ibn S? N? in Arabic medicine.</p><p>The department of foreign students for the Armenian diaspora established in 1957 was then enlarged and the enrollment of foreign students began. Currently YSMU is a Medical Institution that complies with international requirements, training medical staff for not only Armenia and neighboring countries, namely Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Georgia, but also many other leading countries around the world. A large number of foreign students from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the United States and Russia study together with Armenian students. Currently the university is among the famous Medical Institutions and is taking its place in World Directory of Medical Schools published by WHO. <h5> <span id = "Statistics"> Statistics </span> </h5></p><p>The gross enrollment rate in tertiary education by 44% by 2015 transcends the southern Caucasus countries but remains below the average for Europe and Central Asia.</p><p>However, public expenditure per student in higher education in terms of GDP ratio is one of the lowest for post-Soviet countries (for which data is available). <br /><center><div style='max-width: 550px;'><img alt="2 Last Minute Holidays and Travel Deals to Armenia | Bookmundi" src="http://i0.wp.com/imgstorage.ga/wp-contents/uploads/2018/06/FRHXeb.jpg" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" title="2 Last Minute Holidays and Travel Deals to Armenia | Bookmundi"></div><div style="font-size:8pt; width: 100%; align: left; color: grey;">src: d3hne3c382ip58.cloudfront.net</div></center> <br /><br /> <h2> <span id = "Demographics"> Demographics </span> </h2></p><p>Armenia has a population of 2,924,816 (2016 est.) And is the third densest population of the former Soviet republic. There is a problem of population decline due to increased emigration after the break-up of the Soviet Union. In recent years, emigration rates have declined and some population growth has been observed since 2012.</p><p>Armenia has a relatively large external diaspora (8 million by some estimates, exceeding 3 million Armenians themselves), with communities around the world. The largest Armenian community outside of Armenia can be found in Russia, France, Iran, United States, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Poland, Ukraine and Brazil. 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians still live in Turkey (mostly in and around Istanbul).</p><p>About 1,000 Armenians live in the Armenian Quarter in Jerusalem's Old City, the rest of the ever larger community. Italy is home to San Lazzaro degli Armeni, an island located in the Venetian Lagoon, which is actually occupied by a monastery run by the Mechitaris, an Armenian Catholic congregation. Approximately 139,000 Armenians live in the de facto state of the independent Republic of Artsakh in which they form a majority. <h3> <span id = "Ethnic_groups"> Ethnic group </span> </h3></p><p>Ethnic Armenians make up 98.1% of the population. Yazidis reached 1.2%, and Russia 0.4%. Other minorities include Assyrians, Ukrainians, Greeks (usually called the Greek Caucasus), Kurds, Georgians, Belarussians, and Jews. There is also a small community of Vlach, Mordvins, Ossetia, Udis, and Tats. Minorities of Poles and the German Caucasus also exist even though they are deeply sedated. By 2016, there are an estimated 35,000 Yazidi in Armenia.</p><p>During the Soviet era, the people of Azerbaijan were historically the second largest population in the country (formed around 2.5% in 1989). However, due to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, almost all of them emigrated from Armenia to Azerbaijan. In contrast, Armenia received a large influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thus giving Armenia a more homogeneous character.</p><p>According to a Gallup study conducted in 2017, Armenia has one of the highest (welcomed) migrants in eastern Europe. <h3> <span id = "Language"> Language </span> </h3></p><p>Armenian is the only official language. The main foreign languages ​​that Armenians know are Russian and English. Because of his past in the Soviets, most of the old inhabitants can speak Russian quite well. According to the 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians say they have knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% intermediate) compared to 40% who say they know English (advanced 4%, 16% medium and 20% beginner). However, more adults (50%) think that English should be taught in high school than those who prefer Russian (44%). <h3> <span id = "City"> City </â € <â € <span> </h3> <h3> <span id = "Religion"> Religion </span> </h3></p><p>Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as a state religion, an event traditionally dated to AD 301.</p><p>The dominant religion in Armenia is Christianity. The Armenian Church's roots go back to the 1st century. According to tradition, the Armenian Church was founded by two of the twelve apostles of Jesus - Thaddaeus and Bartholomew - who taught Christianity in Armenia between 40-60 AD. Because of these two founding apostles, the official name of the Armenian Church is the Armenian Apostolic Church.</p><p>More than 93% of Armenian Christians are members of the Armenian Apostolic Church, a form of Oriental Orthodoxy (Non-Chalcedonian), a very ritualist conservative church, roughly equivalent to Coptic and Syrian churches. The Armenian Apostolic Church is a fellowship only with a group of churches in the Oriental Orthodox.</p><p>The Armenian Evangelical Church has a very large and lucrative presence among the lives of Armenians with more than a few thousand members across the country. It traces its roots back to 1846 under the aegis of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople whose aim was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.</p><p>Other Christian denominations that practice faith based on the Nicene Creed in Armenia are the Pentecostal branches of the Protestant community such as the Living Word, the Armenian Brotherhood Church, the Baptist</p><p class="divsource">Source of the article : <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia">Wikipedia</a></p> </div>
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