Children's sales is the practice of selling children, usually by parents, legal guardians, or the next master or guard. After the sale, when the subsequent relationship with the child is basically not exploitative, the general purpose of child sales is to allow adoption.
Video Child-selling
United States
Georgia Tann, from Memphis, Tennessee, is employed by the Tennessee Children's Home Organization. According to reporter Barbara Bisantz Raymond, Tann, in 1924-1950, stole many children and sold 5,000 children, mostly or all white. Children are adopted by families in considerable fees (as if for transportation and hotels, but Tann is charged multiple times for one trip and collecting money privately instead of via Tennessee Children's Home Society) and processing adoptions without investigating foster parents except for their wealth. The amount charged for adoption ranges from $ 700 to $ 10,000 when "leading agencies... [charged] almost nothing". Tann, in a 1944 speech that accused others of unlicensed adoption adoption, did not admit selling his own children.
According to Raymond, Tann makes adoption socially acceptable. Earlier, when the first US state adoption law was passed in 1851, adoption was "not immediately popular". At the beginning of the 20th century, adoption was "rare". Low-income parents from whom children are taken are generally considered genetically inferior, and children, considered to be adopted, are considered genetically contaminated. Prior to Tann's work, the indenture was applied to some children with the task of educating children and for granting them land that was barely enforced, and the Orphan Train Project collected children and transported them for resettlement under farmers in need of labor, using the procedure which is similar to an auction slave. Some of the custody of children is changed "through secret ways" between parent groups, some willing and some unconscious. Baby farms, where many children are killed, sell children up to $ 100 each. Tann, apparently disagreeing with the prevailing view, argues (contrary to his own belief) that children are "blank slates", so free from sin and genetic defects attributed to their parents, thus making adoption attractive, giving way for children who may otherwise have died to survive and receive treatment, waiting lists include many from the US, Canada, and South America. One person who was adopted through the Tennessee Children's Home Society was the wrestler Ric Flair.
Brokers selling babies are found in Augusta, Ga., And Wichita, Kans. A sale by a midwife takes place in New Orleans, La., A child sold twice in one train journey, and one "father... trafficking his unborn daughter for poker debt."
In 1955-1956, part of the US Federal law to ban the sale of infants failed.
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US Libertarian economist Murray Rothbard (1926-1995) wrote in his book 'Ethics of Liberty', that parents should have the right to issue a child for adoption or to sell the right to a child in a voluntary contract. Rothbard suggests selling children as consumer goods according to market power, would benefit "everyone" involved in the market: "natural parents, children, and foster parents." In Rothbard's view, "parents should not have < i> the legal obligation to feed, clothe, or educate her children, since such obligations would demand the positive actions imposed on the parents and repeal their custody. "Thus, parents should have the legal right to let a baby die by starvation, but because" a truly free society will have a free market that develops in children, "he writes," the existence of a free baby market will bring 'negligence 'that sort of to the minimum. "
Cambodian children to the US.
In 1997-2001, Lauryn Galindo "made $ 8 million by arranging eight hundred adoptions of Cambodian children by Americans unwittingly", one of whom was Angelina Jolie. For Galindo, baby buyers, often taxi drivers and orphanage managers, offer low-income mothers (selected by infants who recruit) money or rice for children, which Galindo claims is orphaned and for whom to adopt a paying family of about $ 11,000 in cost. Galindo, said he intended "to save children from desperate circumstances" and that he felt he acted "with the highest integrity", was punished in the US and sentenced to one and a half years in prison.
Maps Child-selling
United Kingdom
Lawrence Stone reported several sales efforts of children accompanying wives sold by husbands to new husbands, one in 1815 and others discussed in 1763. (Sale of wives in Britain is illegal but believed to be halal and widely practiced in southern England and Midlands.)
Historian E. P. Thompson reported the sale of two children with the sale of a wife to an American in 1865 for  £ 25 per child (wife sold for another Ã,  £ 100). In atypical cases, a wife and four children are sold for each shilling, apparently to prevent forced evictions by bad law officials, and a wife and child, born after she begins living with her lover but before sale, is sold. In other cases, a wife and a baby about one year old are sold at an auction, where the selling husband says, "[c] ome on your offer, and if you bring me a good price for ooman, I will gie yer young man between bargains.... I'll tell you wot, Jack... if it does not make three gallons of drink ', he is yours, i'll ax you fer the baby, a "Halter is worth a liter. Come on, say shillin! "In many cases, when the wife's sale split the family, it appears that the youngest children go with the mother and the older child away with the father.
The sales procedure of children is often like selling a wife when they depend on the contract method, even if the contract is not legally enforceable.
ireland
In 964, there was a huge and irresistible famine in which men sold their sons and daughters into slavery in return for food.... The practice of selling children called in the year 1116 and... they are usually sold to areas far from their homes. "
Legal adoption was introduced to Ireland with the passage of the 1952 Adoption Act, which came into force on 1 January 1953. Prior to and after the enactment of this law, children were regularly traded for adoption purposes, usually to the United States. , with religious orders running an adoption agency and mother and baby homes. Journalist and author Mike Milotte estimates that as many as 4,000 illegal adoptions occur.
China
According to Frank DikÆ'Æ'¶tter, in 1953 or 1954, when there was famine, "all over the country people sold their children" and the 1950 report by the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai "deplores... the sale of children because of unemployment" and, DikÃÆ'¶tter continued, sales of children by "many" of unemployment also occurred in southern China, near Changchun "some families sold their children", in 1953 during starvation in some provinces "desperate parents even swap children "and one price in 1950-53 in Nanhe County was" a handful of wheat ", another price in 1953 or 1954 was 50 yuan, enough for the father (seller) to buy rice to survive through hunger.
According to a 2006 report, low-income families and unmarried mothers sell babies, often girls, in the underground market in China, and the sale is for parents who want helpers, more children, or future brides man. "Relatively few Chinese brokers are caught and prosecuted."
According to a 2007 British newspaper report, in China, 190 children were abducted every day, but the Chinese government did not recognize the extent of the problem or the cause of the problem.
According to an English-language Chinese newspaper report in 2013, Chen Shiqu, director of the human trafficking ministry's Ministry of Public Security of China, said that since the DNA database began in April 2009, they have matched 2,348 children with their biological parents. Zhang Baoyan, founder of the non-governmental organization 'Baby Back Home', said the database is the most effective way to reunite the family. Baby Back Home receives an average of 50 questions per day from abducted children and their parents; Baby Back Home provides blood samples to ministries for DNA testing. But Zhang Baoyan, founder of Baby Back Home, said that "there are still some parents of missing children who do not know about DNA databases".
A 2013 English news magazine report described Xiao Chaohua, the parents of a kidnapped kid's campaign, believing authorities could do more. Xiao said that buyers of abducted children still often go unpunished - they usually live in villages and sometimes enjoy the protection of local officials. He said orphanages sometimes fail to take DNA from the children they receive.
Malaysia
In 2005 in Malaysia, baby sales rings are believed by some to "flourish," although these activities are still considered criminal. A 2016 report by Al Jazeera reveals that baby sales have been taking place in Malaysia for a long time with babies brought in from countries such as Thailand and Cambodia. Some babies will be bought by a desperate couple to start a family while the poor baby is sold to a merchant and forced into a sex slave or a beggar. The prostitution ring also offers babies from foreign sex workers who are pregnant with some sex workers even willingly contact any partner to offer their baby because Malaysian law does not allow migrant workers to give birth to children in the country.
Other cultures and the rest of the world
In Greece, "babies... young women are sometimes sold to foster parents before their mothers even leave the hospital." In 2007, the realtor was being investigated by Interpol in Greece.
Around the world, in recent years, according to reporter Barbara Bisantz Raymond, brokers steal and sell children. In France, Italy, and Portugal, in 2007, the realtor was being investigated by Interpol.
International law
The Hague Convention on Inter-States Adoption is an agreement that prohibits the purchase and sale of children and attempts to impose controls and regulations on inter-state adoption, which give rise to practice.
Popular culture
- Baby Cheater , cable TV movie starring Mary Tyler Moore
- Dearest Mommie ; "Joan Crawford [...] Mommie Dearest daughter should be from the Tennessee Children's Home Society"
- Donna Troy, in comic book fiction
- In Pete's Dragon , a Disney movie released in 1977, Pete, the title character, was found to have been sold to Gogans; uneducated families; who used it as cheap labor until he ran away.
- In Oliver Twist, Mr. Bumble sells Oliver to a caretaker.
See also
- Child wash
- The husband's sale
- Human trafficking
- International implementation
- International kidnapping
- List of international adoption scandals
- Children's trade
- Wife sells
Note
References
Bibliography
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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