Embryo Donation is a third-party reproduction form. It is defined as giving - generally without compensation - the embryo remaining after in vitro fertilization of one pair to another person or partner for implantation or for research. Where it is given for implantation purposes, donations are followed by placement of the embryos into the recipient woman's womb to facilitate pregnancy and delivery at the recipient. The resulting child is regarded as the daughter who carries it and gives birth, and not the child of the donor. This is the same principle as followed in donation of eggs or sperm donations. Most often, embryos are donated after the women they initially created have successfully brought one or more pregnancies for the long term.
Video Embryo donation
For implantation
Embryo donations can be handled anonymously (the donors and recipients are not known to each other), or openly (the identity of the parties is shared and the family agrees with a relationship). Sometimes, a "semi-open" arrangement is used where the parties know family and other information about each other, but their real names and location information are kept secret, to provide a layer of privacy protection.
Embryo donation or adoption
Some authors use the term "embryo donation" to refer strictly to anonymous embryo contributions, and "embryo adoption" to refer to open processes. Others use the term synonymously because regardless of whether the arrangement is open or anonymous, embryo contributions and reproductive procedures are assisted clinically involved, and the recipient pair is preparing to raise a child unrelated genetically with them. Lawyers who help couples who try to get an embryo say the term "embryo adoption" is a misnomer because embryo transfers are handled as property transfers. Defenders of abortion rights, supporters of embryonic stem cell research, and members of the fertility industry object refer to the transfer as "adoption" because they feel it gives an embryo the same status as the child. Most doctors describe the process as "embryo donations".
Donor options
According to a survey by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 54% of fertility patients want to keep the remaining embryo for future use. Another 21% wanted to donate the remaining embryos for the study. Embryo donations for research can be a good alternative when patients receive appropriate, truthful and clear information about research projects, procedures and scientific value of the study. The remaining 7% of those surveyed were willing to donate the remaining embryo to other couples.
Dr. Jeffrey Nelson is the Director of the Huntington Reproduction Center, one of the largest IVF clinics in California. He reported that "Twenty-five percent of patients want to donate their embryo [reserves] - not as much as I want." He added: "People tend to hold on to their embryos because they do not want to make decisions.We start buying more cryopreservation tanks, and finally we have to say there is a fee for storage for a certain number of years, and beyond that the price starts to increase." up to $ 1,200 a year to keep frozen embryos. As of May 2012, there are about 600,000 frozen embryos stored in laboratories and fertility clinics, costing donor families about $ 72 million per year for storage costs.
Donor filtering
In the United States, donors should, if possible, be screened for a series of infectious diseases. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) manages the rules for donor screening. If the donor is not available for screening, the embryo should be labeled indicating that the necessary screening has not been performed, and the recipient must agree to accept the associated risks. The number of screenings that the embryo has undergone is highly dependent on clinics and IVF processes of genetic parents. The embryo receiver may choose to have its own embryologist perform further testing.
or donate it for use in embryonic stem cell research. Although embryos can, theoretically, survive indefinitely in frozen storage, as a practical reality, one must ultimately decide upon a permanent disposition for them.
A US study concluded that donating an embryo was about twice as cost-effective as oocyte donation in terms of cost per live birth, at a cost of $ 22,000 per direct delivery compared to $ 41,000 for oocyte donations.
History
As soon as in-vitro fertilization becomes a common clinical practice, doctors find ways to retain embryos in frozen storage and melt them for future implantation. This procedure can save the female donor from the second egg-taking procedure.
At about the same time, doctors assume that more couples can be helped to parent by replacing donor sperm for men who do not have proper sperm, or donor eggs for women who do not have a proper oocyte - or both. So so-called gametes and embryo donations, emerged. A careful reading of the 1983 clinical report is often cited as the first example of an embryo donation revealing that the donated embryo was actually created for the recipient at the same time that four embryos were made for the use of the donor pair itself. The menstrual cycle of donor and recipient women is synchronized using drugs, and transfers take place on the same day. None of these embryos have been prescribed.
Soon after, a report was published to document the success of pregnancy and birth from a cryopreserved donor embryo. Again, however, this is an embryo made from a special donor gamete for the receiver.
No one knows for sure when the first true embryo adoption took place. The term was used in the early mid-1980s, in legal literature. Devroey et al. Maria Bustillo in Florida; Howard Jones in Virginia has reported embryo transfer between 1986 and 1990 that clearly represents the adoption of the remaining embryo.
Prior to this, thousands of infertile women regarded adoption as the only avenue available to parenthood. These scientific advances set the stage for allowing open and honest discussion about embryo donations and transfers as a solution to infertility. In some ways, it is similar to other donations such as blood and major organ donations. Some see embryos as "networks", others see it as a "gift of a potential life", while others believe that human life just begins at conception. The third group sees embryo donations as slightly different from traditional adoptions, except that recipient women have experience of pregnancy and childbirth, and that no court action is required to establish the offspring of the law for the recipient.
This issue gained another political dimension in the United States when Congress and the Bush administration budgeted $ 1 million to promote adoption of embryos.
Process
Embryo donation is legally considered a transfer of property and not an adoption by state law. However, Georgia enacted a law called the "Option of Adoption Act" in 2009 that provides procedures for, but does not require - a court order confirmation of the offspring following the adoption of the embryo. One advantage some couples adopt embryos in Georgia derived from this law is that they are eligible for federal Adoption Tax Credit.
Embryo donation can be done as a service from an individual infertility clinic (where donors and recipient families usually live in the local area and both patients from the same clinic) or by one of several national organizations. The process described below is the hallmark of the "adoption-based" national program.
Genetic parents entering the embryo adoption program are offered the benefits of choosing adoptive parents from the pool of screened applicants. Ownership of the embryo is transferred directly from the genetic parents to the adoptive parents. Genetic parents can be renewed by the agent when successful pregnancies are achieved and when a child (ren) is born. Genetic parents and adoptive parents can negotiate their own terms for future contact between families.
Prospective adoptive parents who adopt the program complete the application, and may also complete a study of traditional adoption homes, fertility education or adoption, background and medical examinations and in some cases, depending on the requirements of the institution of education and home placement, certification of adoption feasibility courts. Documents and their full costs are submitted to the placement agency, which reviews their files. Some agencies allow donors to choose recipients while others match recipient parents with the same preferences including the desired degree of post-adoption disclosure. Genetic and prospective parents are then given the opportunity to approve the match. After all parties agree, the embryo is transferred to a foster mother's clinic for frozen embryo transfer.
None of the procedures involved with the adoption of embryos by genetic parents or adopting are legal requirements of embryo transfer. This process is done voluntarily by both groups of parents because of the added protection, knowledge, and communication offered to both parties by the system.
Maps Embryo donation
For research
The embryo contribution to the study provides a major source of stem cells for stem cell research. The hope is stem cell research will help find a cure for a variety of major diseases such as Alzheimer's, cancer, high school, and Parkinson's disease. Several stem cell studies were performed using human embryos, and one option that parents have done after they were finished with in vitro fertilization was to donate unused embryos to stem cell research. One review came to the result that the proportion of IVF users who donated embryos for the study varied geographically, from 7% in France to 73% in Switzerland. A study conducted in the United States revealed that 60% of American donors will donate unused embryos to science.
People who donate embryos for research are often found in reviews to report mutual feelings toward science and medicine, positive views of research and high-level beliefs in the medical system. They have described the decision to contribute as better than the destruction of the embryo, and as an opportunity to help others or to improve the health and technology of IVF. On the other hand, the reported factors make people refrain from embryo contributions to research including risk perceptions, lack of information on research projects and medical systems, as well as the conceptual embryo in terms of personality. The effects of sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics and gynecological history are largely found to be inconclusive.
See also
- Assisted reproductive technology
- Embryo Adoption & amp; Embryo Donation Academy
- Snowflake Children
- Preborn Baby
- National Registration for Adoption
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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