Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross , c. 1822 Ã,-10 March 1913 is an American abolitionist and political activist.Born as a slave, Tubman escapes and then performs thirteen missions to save about seventy enslaved people, family and friends, using a network of anti-slavery activists and secure homes known as the Underground Railroad. He then helped recruit John Brown's abolitionist people for his raids at Harpers Ferry During the Civil War he served as a reconnaissance and armed spy for the US Army.In his later years, Tubman was an activist in the struggle for women's suffrage.
Born a slave in Dorchester County, Maryland, Tubman was beaten and whipped by his various masters as a child. Early in life, he suffered traumatic head injuries when angry slave owners threw heavy metals that were intent on hitting other slaves and hitting him instead. The injury causes dizziness, pain, and hypersomnia spells, which occur throughout his life. He was a devout Christian and experienced a strange vision and a clear dream, which he regarded as a hunch from God.
In 1849, Tubman fled to Philadelphia, then immediately returned to Maryland to save his family. Slowly, one group at a time, he took his relatives out of the country, and ultimately guided dozens of other slaves to freedom. Traveling at night and in extreme secrecy, Tubman (or "Moses", as he is called) "never loses a passenger". After the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed, he helped guide the fugitives far north to the North American England, and helped the newly freed slaves find work. Tubman met John Brown in 1858, and helped him plan and recruit supporters for the attacks on Harpers Ferry.
When the Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Army Army, first as a cook and nurse, and then as a spy and spy troop. The first woman who led an armed expedition in the war, she led an attack on Combahee Ferry, which freed over 700 slaves. After the war, he retired to a family home in the property he bought in 1859 in Auburn, New York, where he cared for his elderly parents. She was active in the women's right to vote until her illness was over and she had to be accepted in a home for the African Americans she had helped her to build many years earlier. After he died in 1913, he became an icon of American courage and freedom.
Video Harriet Tubman
Birth and family
Tubman was born Araminta "Minty" Ross to the slave's parents, Harriet ("Rit") Green and Ben Ross. Rit is owned by Mary Pattison Brodess (and later her son Edward). Ben is held by Anthony Thompson, who became Mary's second husband, and who manages a large plantation near the Blackwater River in Madison, Maryland. Just as many slaves in the United States, both the year and the birthplace of Araminta are unknown, and historians differ from the best estimates. Kate Larson noted 1822, based on midwife payments and several other historical documents, including his runaway ads, while Jean Humez said "the best evidence currently shows that Tubman was born in 1820, but probably a year or two later." Catherine Clinton notes that Tubman reported the year of her birth in 1825, while her death certificate mentions 1815 and her headstone list is 1820. In the pensions records of the Civil War widows, Tubman claims he was born in 1820, 1822, and 1825, an indication, perhaps, that he only has a general idea of ​​when he was born.
Modesty, Tubman's maternal grandmother, arrived in the United States with a slave ship from Africa; no information is available about other ancestors. As a child, Tubman is told that he looks like an Ashanti person because of his character, although there is no evidence to confirm this lineage. His mother, Rit (who may have a white father) is a cook for the Brodess family. His father, Ben, is a skilled wood expert who manages the timber work on the Thompson plantation. They married around 1808 and, according to court records, they had nine children: Linah, Mariah Ritty, Soph, Robert, Minty (Harriet), Ben, Rachel, Henry, and Moses.
Rit fought to keep his family together because slavery threatened to separate him. Edward Brodess sold his three daughters (Linah, Mariah Ritty, and Soph), separating them from the family forever. When a merchant from Georgia approached Brodess about buying Rit's youngest son, Moses, he hid it for a month, helped by other slaves and free blacks in the community. At one point he was dealing with the owner about the sale. Finally, Brodess and the "Georgian man" came to the slave's place to capture the child, where Rit told them, "You are after my son, but the first person to come to my house I will split his head." Brodess backs off and leaves the sale. Tubman biographer agrees that the story told about this event within the family affects his belief about the possibility of resistance.
Maps Harriet Tubman
Childhood
Tubman's mother was assigned to the "big house" and had limited time for her family; consequently, as a child Tubman takes care of younger brothers and babies, as is the case with large families. When he was five or six, Brodess hired him as a nanny for a woman named "Miss Susan." He was commanded to watch the baby while sleeping; when she woke up and cried, she was whipped. He then told me one day when he was whipped five times before breakfast. He brings scars for the rest of his life. He found a way to fight, run for five days, wear layered clothes for protection against beatings, and fight back.
As a child, Tubman also works at the home of a planter named James Cook. He must check the muskrat trap in the nearby swamp, even after the measles. She became so ill that Cook sent her back to Brodess, where her mother took care of her back to health. Brodess then hired him again. She then talked about her little childhood yearning, comparing herself to "the boy on the Swanee River", an allusion to Stephen Foster's "Old Folks at Home." As he grew older and stronger, he was assigned to work in fields and forests, riding oxen, plowing, and transporting logs.
Religion
As an illiterate child, she has been told the story of the Bible by her mother. Certain varieties of early Christian beliefs are still unclear, but they gain a vigorous faith in God. He rejected New Testament teachings that encouraged slaves to become obedient and found guidance in Old Testament accounts of liberation. Tubman is religious, and when he begins to experience visions and clear dreams, he interprets them as revelations from God. This religious perspective informs his actions throughout his life.
Head injuries
As a child in Dorchester County, Maryland, Tubman was beaten by a hired employer. Early in life, he suffered severe head injuries when exposed to heavy metal loads. This injury causes crippling epilepsy attacks, headaches, strong vision, and dream experiences, which occur throughout his life.
One day, a teenager Tubman was sent to a dry goods store for supplies. There, he meets a slave belonging to another family, who has left the fields without permission. His supervisor, outraged, demanded that he help arrest him. He refused, and when he ran away, the overseer threw two pounds of weight at him. He hit her instead, which he said "broke my skull." He then explains his belief that his hair - which "never combed and... stands like a basket of baskets" - may have saved his life. Bleeding and unconscious, he was returned to the owner's home and laid down in a loom chair, where he remained without medical treatment for two days. She was sent back to the fields, "with blood and sweat rolling down my face until I can not see." His boss said he was "not worth six pence" and returned it to Brodess, who tried unsuccessfully to sell it. She starts having seizures and seems to faint, though she claims to be aware of her surroundings when she appears to be asleep. This episode worried about his family, who could not wake him when he fell asleep suddenly and without warning. This condition remained with her for the rest of her life; Larson suggests he may be suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy as a result of injury.
Family and marriage
In 1840, Tubman's father Ben was assassinated from slavery at the age of 45, as set in the will of the previous owner, despite his actual age closer to 55. He continued to work as a wooden and foreman for the Thompson family, who had held him as a slave. A few years later, Tubman contacted a white lawyer and paid him five dollars to investigate his mother's legal status. The lawyer discovered that a former owner had issued instructions that Rit, like her husband, would be discharged at the age of 45. The records indicate that similar provisions would apply to Rit children, and that every child born after he reaches 45 years of legal age is free, but the Pattisons and Brodess families have ignored this provision when they inherited the slaves. To challenge him legally is an impossible task for Tubman.
Around 1844, he married a free black man named John Tubman. Although little is known about him or their time together, the union is complicated by the status of his slave. Because the mother's status dictates the children, every child born of Harriet and John will be enslaved. Such mixed marriages - colorful people marry the enslaved - not infrequently in Eastern Shore of Maryland, where at present, half the black population is free. Most African-American families have free and enslaved members. Larson indicated that they might have planned to buy Tubman's freedom.
Tubman changed his name from Araminta to Harriet immediately after his marriage, although the exact time is unclear. Larson suggests this happens right after the wedding, and Clinton points out that it coincides with Tubman's plan to escape slavery. She adopted her mother's name, perhaps as part of a religious conversion, or to honor other relatives.
Escape from slavery
In 1849, Tubman became ill again, which reduced his value as a slave. Edward Brodess tried to sell it, but could not find a buyer. Angry at him for trying to sell him and continue enslaving his relatives, Tubman begins to pray for his owner, asking God to make him change his course. He said then: "I pray all night for my master until early March, and all the time he took people to see me, and tried to sell me." When it appears as if the sale is being concluded, "I am changing my prayer," he said. "First March I started praying, 'Oh God, if you will never change that person's heart, kill him, God, and take him out of the way.'" A week later, Brodess died, and Tubman expressed regret over previous sentiments.
As in many population settlements, Brodess's death increases the likelihood that Tubman will be sold and his family falling apart. His widow, Eliza, began working to sell the family slaves. Tubman refuses to wait for Brodess's family to decide his fate, though her husband tries to prevent it. "[T] here is one of two things I have the right to," he explains later, "freedom or death; if I can not have it, I will have another."
Tubman and his siblings, Ben and Henry, fled from slavery on September 17th, 1849. Tubman had been hired for Dr. Anthony Thompson, who owns a large estate in an area called Poplar Neck in neighboring Caroline; chances are his brothers are working for Thompson as well. Because slaves are employed to other homes, Eliza Brodess may not recognize their absence as an escape attempt for some time. Two weeks later, he posted a runaway notification at Cambridge Democrats, offering a reward of up to 100 dollars for each slave back. After they left, Tubman's brothers had second thoughts. Ben might just be a father. The two men returned, forcing Tubman to return with them.
Soon afterwards, Tubman fled again, this time without his siblings. Previously, he tried to send news to his mother about his plans. He sings coded songs for Mary, a trusted fellow slave, that's a farewell. "I'll see you in the morning," he said, "I'm tied to the promised land." While the exact route is unknown, Tubman utilizes a network known as the Underground Railroad. This informal but well-organized system consists of free and enslaved blacks, white aboliti, and other activists. The most prominent of the last in Maryland at that time were members of the Association of Friends of Religion, often called Quakers. The Preston area near Poplar Neck in Caroline County contains a sizeable Quaker community, and is probably the first important stop when Tubman runs away. From there, he may take a public route to escape from slaves - northeast along the Choptank River, through Delaware and then north to Pennsylvania. Traveling as far as 90 miles (145 kilometers), a trip on foot will take between five days and three weeks.
Tubman had to travel at night, guided by the North Star, and tried to avoid catching slaves who wanted to collect presents for slave buron. "Conductor" on the Underground Railroad uses a hoax for protection. At the initial stop, the hostess instructed Tubman to sweep the yard so it seemed to work for the family. When the evening came, the family hid it on the train and took it to the next friendly house. Given his familiarity with forests and swamps in the region, Tubman during the day may be hiding in these places. Tubman only then describes his route-route because other fugitive slaves use it.
The special things of his first journey are still shrouded in secrecy. He crossed over to Pennsylvania with a sense of relief and awe, and remembered the experience a few years later:
When I discovered I had crossed that line, I looked at my hand to see if I was the same person. There is glory above all; the sun came like gold in the trees, and above the fields, and I felt like I was in Heaven.
Dubbed "Moses"
In honor of his efforts to save the family and friends from slavery, the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison named him "Moses", referring to the prophet in the Book of Exodus leading the Hebrews to be free from Egypt. Though nicknamed "Moses", Tubman's audacious mission to Maryland remains virtually unknown, and his identity is a closely guarded secret. He sings a version of "Go Down Moses" to signal his refugees along the path to freedom - he changes the tempo to show that it's safe or too dangerous to continue. Like other Railroad Underground conductors, Tubman uses a variety of communication methods specific to his own needs. Contrary to popular belief today, there is no common "code" used by conductors. In the north, however, the song "Go Down Moses" was openly sung by the Black regiment during the Civil War. After the war, black-faced singers included songs in their action that helped popularize them. During the 20th century, people of all races sang it as spiritual to pay homage to Tubman or the various struggles for freedom.
After reaching Philadelphia, Tubman thought of his family. "I'm a stranger in a foreign land," he said later. "Dad, my mother, my brother, and my sister, and my friends [in Maryland] But I'm free, and they should be free." He works odd jobs and saves money. The US Congress meanwhile passed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which heavily punished escaping and forcing law enforcement officers - even in countries that forbade slavery - to aid in their capture. The law increased the risk for escaped slaves, who more than sought refuge in Southern Ontario (then part of the Canadian Provincial Province), which, as part of the United Kingdom, had abolished slavery. Racial tension also increased in Philadelphia when a wave of poor Irish immigrants competed with free blacks to work.
In December 1850 Tubman was warned that his niece Kessiah and her two children, James Alfred, aged six, and Araminta baby, would soon be sold in Cambridge. Tubman went to Baltimore, where his brother-in-law Tom Tubman hid him until sales. Kessiah's husband, an independent black man named John Bowley, made a winning bid for his wife. Then, while the auctioneer stepped away for lunch, John, Kessiah and their children fled to the nearest safe house. When night arrived, Bowley sailed a family on a canoe 60 miles (97 km) to Baltimore, where they met Tubman, who brought the family to Philadelphia.
The following spring he returned to Maryland to help guide other family members. During his second journey, he found his brother, Moses, and two unidentified men. Tubman probably worked with abolitionist Thomas Garrett, a Quaker working in Wilmington, Delaware. His exploit words have encouraged his family, and the biographer agrees that with every trip to Maryland, he becomes more confident.
When interviewed by writer Wilbur Siebert in 1897, Tubman mentioned some of the people who helped him and where he lived along the Underground Railroad. He lives with Sam Green, a free black minister who lives in East New Market, Maryland; he also hid near his parents' home in Poplar Neck in Caroline County, Maryland. He will travel from there northeast to Sandtown and Willow Grove, Delaware, and to the Camden area where free black agents, William and Nat Brinkley and Abraham Gibbs, guide him through Dover, Smyrna, and Blackbird to the north, where other agents will take him across. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to New Castle and Wilmington. In Wilmington, Quaker Thomas Garrett will secure transportation to William Still's office or other Underground Railroad operators' houses in the greater Philadelphia area. However, the famous black agent, is credited with helping hundreds of freedom seekers escape to safer places further north in New York, New England, and now in Southern Ontario.
In the fall of 1851, Tubman returned to Dorchester County for the first time since his escape, this time to find her husband, John. He once again saved money from various jobs, bought suits for her, and headed south. John, meanwhile, married another woman named Caroline. Tubman sent word that he had to join him, but he insisted that he was happy where he was. Tubman initially prepares to raid their homes and make a fuss, but then decides that he does not deserve trouble. Suppressing his anger, he found some slaves who wanted to escape and take them to Philadelphia. John and Caroline built a family together, until he was murdered 16 years later in a roadside argument with a white man named Robert Vincent.
Since the Fugitive Flee Law has made the northern United States a more dangerous place for slave escapes to stay, many runaway slaves began to migrate to Southern Ontario. In December 1851, Tubman led an unidentified group of 11 fugitives, possibly including Bowleys and several others whom he had saved earlier, northward. There is evidence to suggest that Tubman and his group stopped at the abolitionist house and former slave Frederick Douglass. In his third autobiography, Douglass wrote: "On one occasion I had eleven fugitives at the same time under my roof, and it was necessary for them to stay with me until I could collect enough money to take them to Canada. which I have had at one time, and I have difficulty in providing so much food and shelter.... "The number of travelers and time of visit makes it possible that this is a Tubman group.
Douglass and Tubman each admired each other as both fought against slavery. When an early biography of Tubman was being prepared in 1868, Douglass wrote a letter in his honor. It reads in part:
You ask what you do not need when you call me for words of praise. I need such words from you far more than you need from me, especially where your superior workforce and devotion to the ultimate cause of our land is known as I know them. The difference between us is highly marked. Much of what I have done and suffered in serving our purposes is public, and I have received a lot of encouragement at every step of the way. You, on the other hand, have worked in a personal way. I have been through your day - you at night... The midnight sky and the silent stars have been witnesses of your devotion to your freedom and heroism. Except for John Brown - holy memories - I know that no one willingly encounters more danger and trouble to serve those who are enslaved than you.
Travel and methods
For eleven years, Tubman returned repeatedly to the Eastern Shore of Maryland, rescuing about 70 slaves around thirteen expeditions, including three other brothers, Henry, Ben, and Robert, their wives and some of their children. He also gave special instructions to 50 to 60 additional fugitives who fled north. Tubman's dangerous work requires extraordinary intelligence; he usually works during the winter, to minimize the possibility that the group will be visible. One of Tubman's admirers said: "He always comes in winter, when the night is long and dark, and the people who own the house live in it." As soon as he made contact with escaped slaves, they left the city on Saturday night, because the paper would not print a vague notice until Monday morning.
His journey into slavery land put him at great risk, and he used various subfunctions to avoid detection. Tubman once disguised himself with a hat and brought two live chickens to give the appearance of performing the task. Suddenly finding himself walking toward a former owner in Dorchester County, he pulls a rope that holds the bird's legs, and their agitation allows him to avoid eye contact. Then he recognized a train passenger as another ex-master; he picked up the nearest newspaper and pretended to read. Since Tubman was illiterate, he ignored her.
Tubman's religious faith was another important source when he repeatedly went to Maryland. The vision of his childhood head injury continues, and he sees them as a divine hunch. He talks about "consulting with God," and believes that He will keep him safe. Thomas Garrett once said of him, "I have never met anyone who has any color that believes in the voice of God, as spoken directly to his soul." His belief in God also provided immediate help. He uses the spiritual as a coded message, warns fellow travelers of danger or gives clear road signals.
Tubman also had a gun, and was not afraid to use it. It provided protection from the ever-present slave catchers and their dogs; However, he also threatened to shoot escaped slaves who were trying to get back on the trip because that would threaten the safety of the remaining group. Tubman tells the story of a man who insists that he will return to the plantation when his spirits are low among a group of fugitive slaves. He pointed the gun to his head and said, "You go on or die." A few days later, he was with a group as they entered the Canadian United Province.
Slave owners in the area, meanwhile, never knew that "Minty," a five-foot-tall, flawless little slave who had escaped many years before and never returned, was behind so many slaves who had fled the community they. In the late 1850s, they began to suspect that a northern white abolisionist quietly withdrew their slaves. They assume that John Brown himself has come to the Eastern Shore to lure the slave away before he was fatefully attacked at Harper's Ferry in October 1859.
While the popular legend holds out about the $ 40,000 prize for Tubman taking, this is the number produced. In 1868, in an attempt to revive support for Tubman's claim for a Civil War pension, a former abolitionist named Salley Holley wrote an article claiming US $ 40,000 "not too big a gift for the slave owners of Maryland to offer for him". Such high prizes will attract national attention, especially when small farms can be purchased for as little as US $ 400. No such rewards are found in period newspapers. (The federal government offered $ 25,000 to capture co-counselor John Wilkes Booth in Lincoln's killing.) A $ 12,000 gift offer has also been claimed, though there is no documentation for the character. Catherine Clinton points out that a figure of US $ 40,000 may be a total mix of the various gifts offered around the area.
Despite the best efforts of slave owners, Tubman was never arrested, and so did the fugitives he guided. Years later, he told the audience: "I was an Underground Railroad conductor for eight years, and I can say what most conductors can not say - I never run my train off the track and I never miss a passenger." One of his last missions to Maryland was to regain his elderly parents. His father, Ben, had bought Rit, his mother, in 1855 from Eliza Brodess for 20 dollars. But even when they were both free, the area became unfriendly to their presence. Two years later, Tubman received word that his father had harbored a group of eight escaped slaves, and risked being arrested. He traveled to the East Coast and led them north to St. Catharines, Ontario, where former slave communities (including Tubman's brothers, other relatives, and many friends) have gathered.
John Brown and Harpers Ferry
In April 1858, Tubman was introduced to the abolitionist John Brown, a rebel who advocated the use of force to destroy slavery in the United States. Although he has never advocated violence against whites, he agrees with his immediate actions and supports his goals. Like Tubman, he speaks of being called by God, and trusting the divine to protect him from the anger of the slave-owners. He, meanwhile, claims to have had a prophetic vision of meeting Brown before their meeting.
Therefore, when he began recruiting supporters to attack the slave owners, Brown joined "General Tubman", as he called him. His knowledge of networking and supporting resources in the border states of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware is very valuable to Brown and planners. Although other abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison did not support his tactics, Brown dreamed of struggling to create a new state for freed slaves, and made preparations for military action. After he started the first battle, he believed, the slave would rise up and rebellion in the south. He asked Tubman to collect former slaves now living in Southern Ontario who might be willing to join his troops, which he did.
On May 8, 1858, Brown held a meeting in Chatham, Ontario, where he launched his plan to attack in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. When the word of the plan leaked to the government, Brown postponed the scheme and began raising funds for its continuation. Tubman helped him in this effort, and with a more detailed plan for the attack.
Tubman was busy during this time, giving lectures to abolitionist audiences and caring for his relatives. In the fall of 1859, when Brown and his men prepared to launch the attack, Tubman could not be reached. When the attack on Harpers Ferry occurred on October 16, Tubman was not present. Some historians believe he was in New York at the time, sick of a fever linked to his childhood head injury. Others suggested he might have recruited more escaped slaves in Ontario, and Kate Clifford Larson suggested he might be in Maryland, recruiting for Brown attacks or trying to save more family members. Larson also noted that Tubman might begin to share Frederick Douglass's doubts about the viability of the plan.
The attack failed; Brown was convicted of treason and was suspended in December. His actions are seen by abolitionists as a proud symbol of resistance, performed by a noble martyr. Tubman himself is full of praise. He then told a friend: "[H] e do more in dying, than 100 people will live."
Auburn and Margaret
In early 1859, a Republican US Senator, William H. Seward, sold Tubman a small piece of land on the outskirts of Auburn, New York, for US $ 1,200. The city is a hotbed of anti-slavery activism, and Tubman takes the opportunity to take his parents from the harsh Canadian winter. Returning to the US meant that escaping slaves risked being returned south under the Runaway Slave Act, and the Tubman's brother objected. Catherine Clinton points out that anger over Dred Scott's decision of 1857 may have prompted Tubman to return to the United States. His land in Auburn became a haven for the family and friends of Tubman. For years, he brought relatives and dormitory residents, offering a safe place for American blacks looking for a better life in the north.
Shortly after getting the Auburn property, Tubman returned to Maryland and returned with his "niece," an eight-year-old black black girl named Margaret. The state of this expedition remains a mystery. There was great confusion about the identity of Margaret's parents, although Tubman indicated they were blacks free. The girl has left her twin and loving home in Maryland. Years later, Margaret's daughter, Alice, called Tubman selfish action, saying, "she has taken the child from a safe house to a place where no one cares for her." Indeed, Alice describes it as "kidnapping".
However, both Clinton and Larson present the possibility that Margaret is actually Tubman's daughter. Larson points out that the two share an incredibly powerful bond, and argues that Tubman - knowing the pain of a child separated from his mother - will never intentionally cause a free family to split apart. Clinton presents evidence of a strong physical similarity, recognized by Alice herself. Both historians agree that there is no concrete evidence for such a possibility, and the mystery of Tubman's relationship with young Margaret remains to this day.
In November 1860, Tubman made his last rescue mission. Throughout the 1850s, Tubman could not influence the escape of his sister, Rachel, and two children Rachel, Ben and Angerine. After returning to Dorchester County, Tubman discovered that Rachel had died, and the children could be saved only if she could pay a bribe of US $ 30. She had no money, so the children remained enslaved. Their fate remains unknown. No one wasted the journey, Tubman gathered another group, including the Ennalls family, ready and willing to take the risk of a trip north. It took them weeks to get away safely because of slave catchers, forcing them to hide longer than expected. The weather is unseasonably cold and they have little food. The children were drugged with paregoric to keep them quiet while the slave patrol passed by. They safely arrived at David and Martha Wright's home in Auburn, New York, on December 28, 1860.
American Civil War
When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, Tubman saw Union victory as a key step toward the abolition of slavery. General Benjamin Butler, for example, assisted by escaping slaves to flood Fort Monroe. Butler has declared these fugitives to be "contraband" - a property confiscated by northern troops - and put them to work, initially unpaid, inside the castle. Tubman hopes to offer her own skills and skills for the purpose of Unity, as well, and soon she joins a group of abolitionists from Boston and Philadelphia headed for the Hilton Head District in South Carolina. He became a fixture in the camps, especially in Port Royal, South Carolina, assisting fugitives.
Tubman meets General David Hunter, a strong supporter of abolition. He stated all the "contraband" in the free Port Royal district, and began collecting former slaves for black army regiments. US President Abraham Lincoln, however, is not ready to enforce emancipation in the southern states, and rebukes Hunters for his actions. Tubman condemned Lincoln's response and his reluctance to consider ending slavery in the US, both for moral and practical reasons. "God will not let Lord Lincoln defeat the South until he does the right thing," he said.
Mr. Lincoln, he's a great guy, and I'm a poor nigger; but negro can tell Lincoln teachers how to save money and youth. He can do it by organizing free niggers. Think of it as a terrible big snake down there, on the floor. He bites you. Everyone is afraid, because you die. You send a doctor to cut the bite; but the snake, he rolls over there, and when the doctor does it, he bites you again . The doctor found the bite it ; but when the doctor does, the snake, he gets up and bites you again; so he keep doing it, until you kill him . That's what Master Lincoln should know.
Tubman serves as a nurse at Port Royal, prepares medicines from local plants and helps the army suffering from dysentery. He provides help to men with smallpox; that he was not exposed to the disease itself started more rumors that he was blessed by God. Initially, he received government rations for his work, but the newly liberated black man thought he was getting special treatment. To ease the tension, he relinquished his right to buy these items and make money selling cakes and root beer, which he made at night.
Scouting and Combahee River Raid
When President Lincoln finally issued the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863, Tubman considered it an important step towards the goal of freeing all black men, women, and children from slavery. He renewed his support for the Confederate defeat, and soon he led a group of scouts through the land around Port Royal. The swamps and rivers of South Carolina are similar to those on the East Coast of Maryland; thus his knowledge of secret journeys and pleasures among potential enemies is put to good use. His group, working under the orders of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, charted an unknown field and lurked its occupants. He then worked with Colonel James Montgomery, and gave him the key intelligence that helped catch Jacksonville, Florida.
Later that year, Tubman became the first woman to lead an armed attack during the Civil War. When Montgomery and his troops carried out an attack on a collection of plantations along the Combahee River, Tubman served as a key advisor and accompanied the attack. On the morning of June 2, 1863, Tubman guided three steamers around Confederate mines in waters leading to shore. Upon landing, Union forces burned plantations, destroyed infrastructure and seized food and supplies worth thousands of dollars. When the steamers heard their whistles, the slaves all over the area understood that it was being freed. Tubman watched as the slaves walked toward the boat. "I've never seen a scene like that," he said later, describing a scene of chaos with women carrying steaming pots of rice, pigs screaming in bags hanging on their shoulders, and babies wandering around the neck of their parents. Although the owner, armed with pistols and whips, tried to stop the mass breakout, their efforts were almost useless in the midst of chaos. When the Confederate forces ran to the scene, a steamy ship full of slaves left for Beaufort.
More than 750 slaves were rescued in Combahee River Raid. The newspaper heralded "patriotism, disappointment, energy, [and] Tubman's ability", and he was praised for his recruitment efforts - most of the recently liberated men went on to join the Union army. Tubman then worked with Colonel Robert Gould Shaw on the attack at Fort Wagner, reportedly serving him his last meal. He describes the battle by saying: "And then we saw the lightning, and it was a weapon, and then we heard the thunder, and it was a big gun, and then we heard the rain come down, and it was a drop of blood falling, and when we came to get the harvest, it is the dead we reap. "
For two more years, Tubman worked for Union forces, took care of newly freed slaves, explored Confederate territory, and took care of wounded soldiers in Virginia. He also made regular trips back to Auburn, visiting his family and taking care of his parents. The Confederate surrendered in April 1865; after donating a few more months, Tubman returned to Auburn, New York.
During a train trip to New York, the conductor told him to move into a smoky car. He refused, explaining his government service. He cursed him and caught him, but he refused and he called two other passengers for help. While he was gripping the fence, they destroyed it, breaking his arm in the process. They threw him into a smoky car, causing more injuries. When this incident happened, another white passenger cursed Tubman and shouted for the conductor to kick him out of the train.
Despite years of work, he never received regular salary and for years denied compensation. Unofficial status and unequal payments offered to black soldiers caused great difficulties in documenting their services, and the US government was slow to recognize its debts. Tubman did not receive a pension for his services in the Civil War until 1899. His constant humanitarian work for his family and former slaves, meanwhile, made him poor, and his difficulty in obtaining government pensions especially his taxes.
Next life
Tubman spent the rest of his life in Auburn, caring for his family and others in need. She works various jobs to support her elderly parents, and takes the dorms to help pay the bills. One of the people Tubman brought was a 5ft, 11-inch farmer born in North Carolina named Nelson Charles Davis. He was a veteran of the 8th United States Colored Infantry, serving as a private in the unit from September 1863 until the end of summer 1865. He started working at Auburn as a bricklayer, and they soon fell in love. Although he was 22 years younger than him, on March 18, 1869, they were married in the Central Presbyterian Church. They adopted a baby girl named Gertie in 1874, and lived together as a family; Nelson died on October 14, 1888 due to tuberculosis.
Tuban's friends and supporters of the days of abolition, meanwhile, raise funds to support him. One admirer, Sarah Hopkins Bradford, wrote an official biography entitled Scene in the Life of Harriet Tubman . The 132-page page was published in 1869, and brought Tubman some US $ 1,200 in revenue. Criticized by modern biographers for artistic licensing and a highly subjective viewpoint, this book remains an important source of information and perspective on Tubman's life. Bradford released another volume in 1886 called Harriet, Moses of its People , presenting a less spicy and Southern slavery view. It was also published as a way to help reduce Tubman's poverty.
Facing the accumulation of debts (including payments for his property in Auburn), Tubman became a prey in 1873 with a fraud involving the transfer of gold. Two men, named Stevenson and John Thomas, claimed to have gold deposits smuggled from South Carolina. They offer this treasure - worth about US $ 5,000, they claim - with US $ 2,000 cash. They insisted that they knew a relative of Tubman, and he took them to his home, where they stayed for a few days. He knew that white people in the South had buried valuables when Union forces threatened the area, and also that blacks were often assigned to dig tasks. Thus, the situation seems reasonable, and the combination of financial difficulties and good qualities make him follow the plan. He borrowed the money from a rich friend named Anthony Shimer, and arranged to receive gold one night. After people had lured him into the forest, however, they attacked him and dropped him with chloroform, then stole his wallet and tied and clogged it. When he was found by his family, he was dazed and hurt, and the money was gone.
New York responded with anger over the incident, and while some people criticized Tubman for the woman, who sympathized most with economic hardship and railed against fraudsters. The incident refreshed public memories of his past services and his economic woes. Representatives of Clinton D. MacDougall of New York and Gerry W. Hazelton of Wisconsin introduced a bill (HR 2711/3786) stipulating that Tubman should be paid "$ 2,000 for services he gave to the Union Army as spies, nurses, eyes ". It was defeated.
In 1898, Tubman petitioned Congress for the benefit of his own service in the Civil War, outlining his "responsibilities during the war" because he still received a pension from her deceased husband Nelson Davis, a payment that began in 1895 afterwards. initially rejected. In 1899, after receiving numerous documents and letters to support Tubman's claim, the US Congress passed and President William McKinley signed HH 4982, a law that "endorses Tuban's pensions increase to twenty dollars per month for his services as a nurse."
Suffragist Activism
In his later years, Tubman worked to promote the cause of women's suffrage. A white woman once asked Tubman if he believed women should have a voice, and received a reply: "I suffer enough to believe it." Tubman began attending meetings of voting organizations, and soon worked with women like Susan B. Anthony and Emily Howland.
Tubman traveled to New York, Boston, and Washington, D.C., to speak out for women's voting rights. He described his actions during and after the Civil War, and used countless women's sacrifices throughout modern history as proof of women's equality to men. When the National Federation of Afro-American Women was founded in 1896, Tubman became the keynote speaker at his first meeting.
This wave of activism evoked a new wave of admiration for Tubman among the press in the United States. A publication entitled The Woman's Era launched a series of articles on "Eminent Women" with Tubman's profile. An 1897 suffragist newspaper reported a series of receptions in Boston to honor Tubman and his lifetime to serve the nation. However, his endless contribution to others has made him poor, and he has to sell a cow to buy train tickets to these celebrations.
AME Zion, disease, and death
At the turn of the 20th century, Tubman became deeply involved with the African Methodist Episcopal Sion Church in Auburn. In 1903, he donated a piece of real estate to the church, under the instruction that it was made a home for "old and poor colored people". The house was not open for five years, and Tubman was disappointed when the church ordered the residents to pay the $ 100 entrance fee. He said: "[T] hey make a rule that nobody should come without them having a hundred bucks.Now I want to make a rule that no one can enter unless they have no money at all. " He was frustrated by the new rules but the guest of honor remained when Harriet Tubman Home for the Aged celebrated its opening on June 23, 1908.
As Tubman aged, his seizures, headaches, and suffering from his childhood head trauma continued to plague. At one point in the late 1890s, he underwent brain surgery at Boston General Hospital Boston. Unable to sleep due to illness and "buzzing" in his head, he asked the doctor if he could operate. He agreed and, in his words, "sawed my skull, and lifted it, and now feels more comfortable". He did not receive anesthesia for the procedure and reportedly chose to bite the bullet, as he saw Civil War soldiers do when their limbs were amputated.
In 1911, her body was so fragile that she had to be admitted to another home named her honor. A New York newspaper described it as "sick and no money", encouraging supporters to offer new donations. Surrounded by friends and family members, Harriet Tubman died of pneumonia in 1913. Just before he died, he told them in the room: "I went to prepare a place for you."
When he died, Tubman was buried with semi-military honor at Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn.
Legacy
Harriet Tubman, widely known and respected while he was alive, became an American icon in the years after he died. A survey at the end of the 20th century named him one of the most famous civilians in American history before the Civil War, third after Betsy Ross and Paul Revere. He inspired an African-American generation that fought for equality and civil rights; he was praised by leaders across the political spectrum. When he died, Tubman was buried with semi-military honor at Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn. The city commemorates his life with a plaque in the courthouse. Although it shows pride for his many accomplishments, his dialect use ("I nebber run my train off the beaten track"), apparently chosen for its authenticity, has been criticized for belittling its stature as an American patriot and dedicated humanity. However, the dedication ceremony was a strong tribute to his memory, and Booker T. Washington delivered the keynote address. Harriet Tubman's home was abandoned after 1920, but later renovated by the Zion Church of AME. Today, welcome visitors as a museum and educational center.
Tubman is celebrated in many ways throughout the nation in the 20th century. Dozens of schools are named in his honor, and Harriet Tubman House in Auburn and Harriet Tubman Museum in Cambridge serves as a monument to his life. In 1937, the tombstone for Harriet Tubman Davis was founded by the Imperial Women's Club Women Federation; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. In 1944, the United States Marine Commission launched the SS Harriet Tubman , the first Liberty ship ever to be named a black woman. In 1978, the United States Postal Service issued a seal in honor of Tubman which earned him the first African-American woman to be honored with a US Postage stamp. In March 2013, President Barack Obama signed a proclamation that created the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Monument in the Eastern Shore.
In 1985, Tubman was posthumously posthumously into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame.
Tubman is commemorated together with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Amelia Bloomer, and Sojourner Truth in the calendar of the saints of the Episcopal Church on 20 July. The saints calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America remembers Tubman and Sojurner Truth on March 10.
In 1999, the Canadian government appointed the Salem Chapel, the British Episcopal Methodist Church at St. Catharines, National Historical Site for its relationship with Tubman. That same year, the city of Boston, Massachusetts, set up a statue for Tubman; it was the first warning for a woman on the land belonging to the city.
In 2002, the scholar Molefi Kete Asante entered Harriet Tubman into the list of 100 Biggest African Americans. In 2008, Towson University named a new residence after Tubman. A Tubman statue was unveiled in Manhattan in 2008, and another on the Salisbury University campus in 2009.
By 2014, the asteroid (241528) Tubman is named after Harriet Tubman.
There are several operas based on Tubman's life, including Thea Musgrave's Harriet, Woman Called Moses aired in 1985.
A biopic based on Tubman's life is in production. The film, Harriet , starred in Cynthia Erivo in the title role.
The part of Wyman Park Dell in Baltimore, Maryland was renamed to Harriet Tubman Grove in March 2018; The forest was formerly the site of two statues of Confederate generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, both of the four sculptures removed from the park by the Baltimore City Council in August 2017.
Historiography
Tubman's first modern biography to be published after Sarah Hopkins Bradford in 1869 and 1886 was Earl Conrad Harriet Tubman (Harriet Tubman: Negro Soldier and Abolitionist) in several later prints). Conrad has had great difficulty finding publishers - the search took four years - and experienced humiliation and humiliation for his efforts to build a more objective and detailed story of Tubman's life for adults. Some of the highly dramatized versions of Tubman's life have been written for children, and many more come later, but Conrad wrote in an academic style to document the history of the importance of his work for scholars and the memory of the nation. The book was eventually published by Carter G. Woodson's Associated Publishers in 1943. Despite its popularity and significance, another Tubman biography for adults did not appear for 60 years, until Jean Humez published a close reading of Tubman's life story in 2003, and Larson and Clinton both published their biography in 2004. Author Milton C. Sernett discusses all of Tubman's great biographies in his book of 2007 Harriet Tubman: Myths, Memories, and History .
National Historic Site and People
In southern Ontario, Church Chapel Salem BME was designated as a National Historic Site in 1999, based on recommendations from the Historic Site and the Council of Canadian Monuments. Chapel, in St. Catharines, Ontario, was the focus of Harriet Tubman's years in the city, when he lived nearby, in a place that is the main terminal of the Underground Railroad and abolitionist work center. In Tubman's time, the chapel was known as the Bethel Chapel, and was originally part of the African Episcopal Methodist Church (AME), before the change in 1856.
Tubman, himself, was appointed the National Historic Man after the Historic Site and the Monument Council recommended it, in 2005. Some historical markers - two federal, one province, and one citizenship - surround the active chapel, as well as the Tubman statue.
Designation of the National Park
In early 2008, advocacy groups in Maryland and New York, and their federal representatives, pushed for the law to establish two historic national parks in honor of Harriet Tubman: one to include his birthplace on the east coast of Maryland, and sites along the route from the Underground Railroad at Caroline, Dorchester, and Talbot Counties in Maryland; and the second to include his home in Auburn, NY. Over the next six years, the bill to do so was introduced, but never advanced or enforced. Meanwhile, in 2013, President Obama used his executive authority to create the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Monument, which consists of federal land in Maryland Eastern Shore at the Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge.
In December 2014, the authorization for the appointment of a historic national park was included in the 2015 National Defense Authorization Act. Despite opposition from some legislators, the bill was endorsed with bipartisan support, and signed into law by the President on December 19, 2014. In March 2017, Harriet Tubman Underground Visitor Center was inaugurated in Maryland at Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park.
As enacted, the formal legislation formation of Harriet Tubman National Historical Park in Cayuga County, New York, awaits the acquisition of land, and created the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park in Maryland. The latter is created from within the official boundaries of national monuments, while allowing for additional acquisitions later. Park in Auburn, New York, was founded on January 10, 2017.
The Harriet Tubman House in Boston's South End is a site on the Boston Women's Tourism Trail.
Bill of twenty dollars
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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