Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBT ) rights in Mexico have evolved in recent years, in line with worldwide legal trends. The intellectual influence of the French Revolution and the brief French occupation of Mexico (1862-67) resulted in the adoption of the Napoleonic Code, which discriminated against same-sex sexual behavior in 1871. However, laws against public immorality or indecency, have been used. to prosecute the people involved in it.
Tolerance of sexual diversity in certain indigenous cultures is widespread, especially between Isthmus Zapotecs and YucatÃÆ'¡n Mayas.
Because the influence of foreign and domestic cultures (especially from more cosmopolitan areas like Mexico City) is growing throughout Mexico, attitudes change. This is most prominent in the largest metropolitan areas, such as Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Tijuana, where education and access to foreigners and foreign news media is the largest. Change is slower in the countryside, however, and even in big cities the discomfort with change often leads to counterattacks.
Since the early 1970s, influenced by the United States gay liberation movement and the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, a large number of LGBT organizations have emerged. LGBT parades and well-seen and well-attended parades have been happening in Mexico City since 1979 and in Guadalajara since 1996.
On June 3, 2015, the Supreme Court of Justice released a "jurisprudential thesis" in which the definition of a marriage law was changed to cover same-sex couples. Articles in the constitution restricting marriage to a man and a woman are considered unconstitutional by the courts and thus every provider of justice in the country must validate a similar union, thereby legalizing same-sex marriage. However, the process is lengthy because couples must seek jurisdiction from a judge, a process that can take longer than the wedding process of the opposite sex.
Political and legal advantages have been made through the left-wing Democratic Revolution Party, small leftist parties like the Labor and Convergence parties, and the Institutionalist Revolutionary Party centric. They include the 2011 amendment to Article 1 of the Federal Constitution to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Same-sex marriages are conducted in Mexico City, Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, MichoacÃÆ'¡n, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla and Quintana Roo, as well as in certain cities in QuerÃÆ'Â © taro. In addition, civil unions were conducted in Mexico City and the states of Coahuila, Campeche, Jalisco, MichoacÃÆ'¡n and Tlaxcala.
During the early 1970s, influenced by the US gay liberation movement and the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre, small political and cultural groups were formed. Initially, they are closely related to left politics and, to some extent, feminist organizations. One of the first LGBT groups in Latin America was the Homosexual Liberation Front ( Frente de LiberaciÃÆ'³n Homosexual ), held in 1971 in response to Sears' job dismissal for his homosexual behavior in Mexico City.
The Homosexual Front of Revolutionary Action ( Frente Homosexual de AcciÃÆ'³n Revolucionaria ) protested the 1983 Roundups in Guadalajara, Jalisco. The onset of AIDS during the mid-1980s created debates and public discussion about homosexuality. Many voices, both supportive and opposed (such as the Roman Catholic Church), participate in public discussions that raise awareness and understanding of homosexuality. LGBT groups play a role in initiating programs to combat AIDS, which is a shift in focus that limits (at least temporarily) the emphasis on gay organizing.
In 1991, Mexico hosted the International Gay and Lesbian Association (ILGA) meeting, which was his first meeting outside Europe. In 1997, LGBT activists were active in building a political platform that resulted in Patria JimÃÆ'Â © nez (a lesbian activist in Mexico City) elected for proportional representation in the Chamber of Deputies representing the left-wing Democratic Revolution Party (PRD). LGBT rights advocate, David SÃÆ'¡nchez Camacho was elected to the Federal District Legislative Council (ALDF).
In August 1999, the Lesbian First Encounter and Lesbian Feminism were held in Mexico City. From this meeting evolved an organized effort to expand LGBT rights in the nation's capital. The following month, the PRD-controlled Legislative Assembly passed a law prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, the first of its kind in Mexico.
Visible (and well-attended) LGBT parades and pride parades have been held in Mexico City since 1979 and in Guadalajara since 1996, the largest cities in the country. In 2001, Article 1 of the Federal Constitution was amended to prohibit discrimination based on (among other factors) on sexual orientation under the vague term preference . On June 11, 2003, the anti-discrimination federal law came into force, creating a national council to enforce it. That same year, Amaranta GÃÆ'³mez ran for the first female transgender congress candidate affiliated with former Mexican Posible party. In June 2011, the more precise term "sexual preference" was incorporated into Article 1 of the Constitution.
LGBT people in Mexico have been organized in various ways: through local organizations, parades, and the development of the Commission to Cite Hate Crimes. Mexico has a growing LGBT movement with organizations in major cities across the country and LGBT publications (most prominently in Mexico City, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana and Puebla), the majority at the local level (due to frequent national efforts split before gaining attraction).
Video LGBT rights in Mexico
Recognition of same-sex relations
United States Mexico is a federation consisting of thirty-one states and federal districts, also known as Mexico City. Although the Federal Civil Code exists, every state has its own code governing concubinage and marriage. Civil unions and same-sex marriage are not recognized at the federal level. Most states, however, have considered the law on these issues.
In November 2013, Fernado Mayans, Senator for the state of Tabasco and representing the Democratic Revolutionary Party, presented a proposed amendment to the Federal Civil Code in which marriage would be defined as "free union of two persons". The proposal was submitted to the Commission on Justice, Legal and Human Rights Studies in the Senate for further investigation.
The provisions in the Mexican Code allow five decisions in a country with similar results on the same issue of overriding the law and establishing the legal jurisprudence to annul it. This means that if 5 orders ("amparo" in Spanish) are won in a country, the law must be changed so that marriage becomes lawful for all same-sex couples. It is also important to note that same-sex marriages are conducted in any state applicable in all other states in Mexico, even if certain countries do not have laws allowing them, by federal law.
On June 14, 2015, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional to reject marriage licenses for same-sex couples in all states. This does not legalize same-sex marriage nationally, but in turn means that whenever the state government has an order issued by a couple seeking marriage recognition, they must give it and consider legalization when certain orders are fulfilled.
On May 17, 2016, Mexico's President, Enrique PeÃÆ' Â ± a Nieto, signed an initiative to amend the country's Constitution, which would legalize same-sex marriage across Mexico pending congressional approval. On November 9, 2016, the committee rejected the 19 to 8 vote initiative. However, legislation to allow same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples is currently pending in almost every Mexican state.
Mexico City
In 2000, EnoÃÆ'  © Uranga, an openly lesbian politician and activist, filed a bill to legalize same-sex unions in Mexico City under the name Ley de Sociedades de Convivencia (LSC), or "Law for Coexistence Partnerships" "). it recognizes the right of inheritance and the right of pensions of two adults, regardless of sexual orientation.Because of widespread opposition from right-wing groups and the ambiguity of Major Andrà ©, Manuel LÃÆ'³pez Obrador regarding the bill, the Legislative Assembly decided not to consider it.
As the new left mayor Marcelo Ebrard is expected to take power in December 2006, the Legislative Assembly voted 43-17 to approve the LSC. The law came into force on 16 March 2007.
On November 24, 2009, lawmaker David RazÃÆ'º, a member of Partido de la RevoluciÃÆ'³n DemocrÃÆ'¡nica, filed a bill that would legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico City. The bill is supported by the Mexico City Human Rights Commission and more than 600 non-governmental organizations, including the Lesbian International Association, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex, Amnesty International and AIDS Healthcare Foundation. The National Action Party (PAN) announced it would appeal to the court or demand a referendum.
The referendum proposal was rejected by the Legislative Council in a vote of 36-22 on December 18, 2009. On December 21, 2009, the Legislative Assembly passed a bill with a vote of 39-20 with five abstentions. Eight days later, Mayor Marcelo Ebrard signed the bill. It came into force on March 4, 2010. The law changed the definition of marriage in the city's civil code into "free union between two people". It also gives same-sex couples the right to adopt children.
In February 2010, the Supreme Court rejected the constitutional challenge by six states to Mexico City law. The Federal Attorney General, however, has separately challenged the law as unconstitutional, citing an article in the Mexican Constitution which refers to "protecting the family". Five months later, the Supreme Court ruled 9-2 that the law did not violate the Constitution.
Civil state by state
On January 11, 2007, the Congress of the northern state of Coahuila legalized the same-sex trade union (in a 20-13 vote) under the name Pacto Civil de Solidaridad ("Solidarity Civil Pact"; PCS), granted property and inheritance rights to same-sex couples. PCS was proposed by Congressman Julieta LÃÆ'³pez of a middle-class PRI, whose nineteen members voted for the law. Luis Alberto Mendoza, representative of the right-against center, said the new law was "an attack on the family, which is a natural group of people and shaped by a man and a woman." In addition, PCS attracts a bit of opposition and (especially) is supported by Bishop Raa 弼Vera. Unlike Mexico City law, once same-sex couples have been registered in Coahuila, the state protects their rights (wherever they live in Mexico). Twenty days after the law was passed, the country's first civic unions of the same kind took place in Saltillo, Coahuila.
On 11 April 2013, the Democratic Revolutionary Party introduced a move to legalize civil unions at Campeche. The bill was unanimously passed on December 20, 2013, and while it includes same-sex couples and opposite sex, specifically states that "it will not form a civil partnership of people living together in marriage and cohabitation." An additional difference is that it is not submitted to Civil Registration, but with the Public Registration of Property and Commerce.
In July 2013, the Colima Congress approved a constitutional amendment allowing same-sex couples to formally formalize their union by entering into marriage bonds with "equal rights and obligations with respect to civil marriage contracts". On May 5, 2016, the civil union law was lifted.
In 2013, the deputy of the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the Ecological Green Party of Mexico (PVEM), the Citizen Movement (MC) and independent representatives presented the Free Coexistence Act ( Ley de Libre Convivencia ) to Jalisco Congress. The law provides that same-sex civil unions can be conducted in the state, as long as they are not regarded as marriages. It does not legalize adoption and mandates that civil unions are conducted with civil law notaries. On 31 October 2013, Jalisco Congress approved the Act in a vote of 20-15, one abstentions and three absentees. The law came into force on 1 January 2014.
On August 27, 2015, the Justice and Human Rights Committee announced it would enact a civil union law for same-sex couples in MichoacÃÆ'¡n. It was unanimously approved in a 34-0 vote by the full Michoacan Congress on September 7, 2015. The law was published on September 30, 2015 in the state's official journal.
In December 2016, the Tlaxcala Congress approved, in a 18-4 vote, the civil union bill. The bill came into force on 12 January 2017.
same-sex marriage by state
On November 28, 2011, two first-sex marriages took place in Quintana Roo after it was found that the Civil Code of Quintana Roo did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage, but the marriage was later annulled by Governor Quintana Roo in April 2012. In May 2012, Quintana Roo State Secretary cancel cancellations and allow same-sex marriage in the future to take place in the state.
The Mexican Supreme Court ruled in December 2012 that Oaxaca's marriage law is unconstitutional because it limits ceremonies to a man and a woman for the purpose of "perpetuating the species". In 2013, lesbian couples become the first sex couples to marry after this decision.
On February 11, 2014, Coahuila Congress approved adoption by same-sex couples and legislation that legalized same-sex marriage passed on 1 September 2014, making Coahuila the second jurisdiction in Mexico to reform its Civil Code to allow legitimate legal marriages.. It came into force on September 17, and the first couple got married on September 20.
On June 12, 2015, Chihuahua Governor announced that his government would no longer oppose same-sex marriage within the state. The order was immediately effective, thus making Chihuahua state to legalize such unions.
On June 25, 2015, after the Supreme Court ruling lifted the same-sex marriage ban in the area, a civil registry in Guerrero announced that they had planned a same-sex marriage ceremony for July 10, 2015 and indicated that there must be a change to the law to permit a neutral marriage gender, passing state legislatures before the official start. The Registry announces further details of their plans, advising that only select a state registration office in which states will be able to participate in a collective marriage ceremony. The governor instructed civil institutions to approve same-sex marriage licenses. On July 10, 2015, 20 same-sex couples were married by Governor Rogelio Ortega in Acapulco. By March 2017, all state municipalities had stopped marrying same-sex couples.
On December 17, 2015, the Nayarit Congress passed a law that legalized same-sex marriage. In January 2016, the Mexican Supreme Court declared Jalisco's Civil Law unconstitutional for limiting marriage to the opposite sex, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in the state. On May 10, 2016, Campeche Congress passed a same-sex marriage law. On May 18, 2016, both MichoacÃÆ'¡n and Morelos passed a bill allowing same-sex marriage to be legal. On May 25, 2016, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage in Colima was approved by the state Congress.
On July 11, 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the same-sex marriage ban in Chiapas was unconstitutional and discriminatory, legalizing same-sex marriage in the state. On August 1, 2017, the Supreme Court also imposed a ban on Puebla.
On November 3, 2017, the Government of Baja California State announced it would stop enacting same-sex marriage ban.
In May 2018, the Supreme Court ordered Sinaloa state to legalize same-sex marriage.
Maps LGBT rights in Mexico
Protection of discrimination
On April 29, 2003, the Federal Congress unanimously passed the "Federal Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination", including sexual orientation as a protected category. The law, which took effect on June 11, 2003, created the National Council to Prevent Discrimination to enforce it. Mexico became the second country in Latin America, after Ecuador, to provide anti-discrimination protection for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. Article 4 of the law defines discrimination as:
"Any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of ethnic or national origin, sex, age, disability, social or economic status, health, pregnancy, language, religion, opinion, sexual preference, civil or other status, impedes recognition or pleasure or fights and real equality in terms of opportunities for people. "
Article 9 defines "discriminatory behavior" as:
"Inhibiting access to public or private education: prohibiting the choice of free employment, restricting access, permanence or promotion in employment, denying or restricting information about reproductive rights, denying medical services, impeding participation in civil, political or other types of organizations; , offending, mocking or promoting violence through messages and images displayed in communication media, impeding access to social security and benefits, impeding access to public services or private institutions providing services to the public, restricting freedom of movement, exploitation or abuse or demeaning, limiting participation in sports, recreation or cultural activities, incitement to hatred, violence, denial, ridicule, defamation, torture or ostracism, promotes or indulges physical or psychological abuse based on physical appearance or dress, manner, behavior or to be publicly acknowledged over one's sexual preferences. "
CONAPRED is a state organ created by "federal legislation to prevent and eliminate discrimination", adopted on 29 April 2003, and published in Diario Oficial de la Federación on 11 June. The Council is a leading institution to promote policies and measures that contribute to cultural development and social progress in social inclusion and the right to equality, which is the first fundamental right in the Federal Constitution.
CONAPRED is also responsible for accepting and resolving complaints and complaints against alleged discriminatory acts committed by individuals or federal authorities in performing their duties. CONAPRED also protects citizens with differences (or exceptions), based on any aspect mentioned in Article 4 of federal law. The Council has a legal personality, owns property, and is a part of the Ministry of Interior. Technical and management decisions are independent of the resolution of claims and complaints.
In 2011, the Mexican Constitution was amended to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Amendments to the Constitution require ratification by at least 16 countries. State of Aguascalientes, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, MÃÆ'Ã… © xico, MichoacÃÆ'¡n, Nayarit, QuerÃÆ'Â © taro, Quintana Roo, San Luis PotosÃÆ', Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas , Veracruz, YucatÃÆ'¡n and Zacatecas then ratified the amendment.
LGBT greeting statements
The Mexican Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that two anti-gay words, "puÃÆ' Â ± al" and "maricones", were not protected as freedom of expression under the Constitution, allowing people to be offended by provision for moral damages.
Adoption and parenting
Same-sex couples are not allowed to adopt in every state in Mexico. Mexico City along with the states of Baja California, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, MichoacÃÆ'¡n, Morelos, Puebla, QuerÃÆ' Â © taro and Veracruz allow same-sex couples to adopt children together.
Mexico City legalized same-sex adoption in March 2010, when the same type of marriage law came into effect. On November 24, 2011, the Supreme Court of Coahuila ruled a state law prohibiting same-sex couples to adopt. The state abides by its decision in February 2014 and legalizes its adoption. According to DIF Chihuahua, the Office of Child and Family Defense in the state protocols are the same for all couples who want to adopt regardless of their sexual orientation.
On 11 August 2015, the Mexican Supreme Court ruled, in decision 9-1, that Campeche's ban on same-sex couples adopting children was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court rejected Article 19 of the Civil Civil Law which prohibits adoption by spouses in civil unions. Children's rights are cited as the main reason for the Court's decision. The verdict sets a constitutional precedent, meaning that all prohibitions in Mexico that prohibit same-sex couples from adoption are unconstitutional and discriminatory. On September 23, 2016, the Mexican Supreme Court finalized its decision in the case of adoption against Campeche and issued a national jurisprudence binding all lower court judges to decide on favor of same-sex couples seeking adoption and parental rights. Campeche lifted its adoption ban three days later.
Colima, MichoacÃÆ'¡n and Morelos legalized such adoption following their same-sex marriage approval in May 2016. In September 2016, the head of the adoption agency Veracruz announced that same-sex couples could adopt children together in the state. In February 2017 and April 2017, the head of the Baja California adoption agency and QuerÃÆ'Â © taro made similar statements, confirming that same-sex couples were permitted to be legally adopted in their respective states. Following a Supreme Court ruling that lifted the same-sex marriage ban, officials from the country asserted that same-sex couples are allowed to adopt, like married couples of different kinds. The Puebla officials also confirmed that same-sex couples were allowed to adopt, following the August 2017 Supreme Court ruling that dropped Puebla's ban.
Military services
The policy of the Mexican Armed Forces on sexual orientation is ambiguous, leaving homosexual and bisexual soldiers in "legal limbo". Officially, there is no law or policy that prevents homosexuals from serving, and the applicants are not asked about it. In practice, however, homosexual and bisexual soldiers who are subjected to heavy harassment and are often discharged. One directive, issued in 2003, describes the actions of "cons of de la morale de las buenas costumbres dentro y fuera del servicio [sic]" ("contrary to morality or behavior both on- and off-duty") as serious disciplinary violations. action. Other references to morality are found throughout military documents, leaving room for interpretations related to sexual orientation. Although there is no clear position of current military leadership, some retired generals have agreed that homosexual soldiers are usually excluded from service either through forced withdrawal or disrespectful dismissal.
Gender identity and expression
On March 13, 2004, amendments to Mexico City's Civil Code that allowed transgender people to change their gender and name on their birth certificate, took effect.
In September 2008, the PRD-approved Mexican Town Legislative Assembly approved the law, in a 37-17 vote, making gender changes easier for transgender people.
On November 13, 2014, Mexico City Legislative Assembly unanimously (46-0) approved the gender identity law. The law makes it easier for transgender people to change their legal sex. Under the new law, they only need to notify the Civil Registry that they want to change the gender information on their birth certificate. Surgical replacement surgery, psychological therapy or any other type of diagnosis is no longer necessary. The law came into force in early 2015. On July 13, 2017, Congress Michoacin approved (22-1) the gender identity law. Nayarit approved (23-1) a similar law on July 20, 2017.
Blood donor
In August 2012, new health regulations allowing gay men and bi to donate blood are approved. The regulation is published in the country's diary in October and is valid on Christmas Day, December 25, 2012.
Public opinion
A Pew Research Center 2013 opinion survey showed that 61% of Mexicans believe homosexuality should be accepted by the community, while 30% believe it should not. Younger people are more receptive than people over 50: 70% of people between 18 and 29 believe it should be accepted, 60% of people between 30 and 49 and 52% people over 50. There has been a slight increase in acceptance since 2007, when Pew poll Research shows that 60% of the population believes homosexuality should be accepted.
In May 2015, PlanetRomeo, the LGBT social network, publishes its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from more than 120 countries and regions are asked about how they feel about the public view of homosexuality, how they experience how they are treated by others and how satisfied they are with their lives. Mexico is ranked 32, just above Portugal and under CuraÃÆ'§ao, with a GHI score of 56.
After President Enrique PeÃÆ'  ± a Nieto proposal to legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico, a poll on the issue was conducted by Gabinete de Comunicación Estratà © Ã… © gica. 69% of respondents supported the change. 64% say they see it as progress in recognition of human rights. Public opinion changed radically for 16 years. In 2000, 62% felt that same-sex marriage should not be allowed under any circumstances. By 2016, only 25% feel that way.
Housing conditions
According to the first National Polling on Discrimination (2005) in Mexico (conducted by CONAPRED), 48 percent of Mexicans interviewed indicated that they would not allow a homosexual to live in their home. 95 percent of the gays interviewed indicated that in Mexico there was discrimination against them; four out of ten said they were victims of exclusive actions; more than half said they felt rejected, and six out of ten felt their worst enemy was society.
LGBT's social life thrives in the country's largest city and resort. The LGBT community center of Mexico City is Zona Rosa, where over 50 bars and gay dance clubs exist. Around the nation's capital, there is a substantial LGBT culture in the Mexican State (although some observers claim that gay life is more developed in Mexico's second largest city, Guadalajara).
Other centers include the border town of Tijuana, the northern city of Monterrey, the central towns of Puebla and LeÃÆ'³n, and the main port city of Veracruz. The popularity of gay tourism (especially in Puerto Vallarta, CancÃÆ'ºn, and elsewhere) has also attracted national attention to the presence of homosexuality in Mexico. Among young, heterosexual urbanites, it has become popular to attend gay dance clubs and have openly gay friends.
In 1979, the first LGBT Pride Parade in Indonesia (also known as LGBT Pride March) was held in Mexico City and was attended by over 1,000 people. Since then, the parade has been held every June with a different theme. It aims to bring visibility to sexual minorities, raise awareness about AIDS and HIV, denounce homophobia, and demand public policy making such as civil union recognition, same-sex marriage, and legalization of LGBT adoption. According to the organizers, XXXI LGBT Pride Parade in 2009 was attended by more than 350,000 people (100,000 more than its predecessor).
In 2003, the first Lesbian pride of March was held in the nation's capital. In Guadalajara, the attended LGBT Pride parade has also been held every June since 1996. Successive LGBT Pride Parades have been held in Monterrey, Tijuana, Puebla, Veracruz, Xalapa, Cuernavaca, Tuxtla GutiÃÆ'Â © rrez, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and MÃÆ' Â © rida.
Anti-LGBT Violence
Sexual sexual acts are legal in Mexico, but LGBT people have been prosecuted through the use of legal codes governing lewd or spooky behavior ( atentados a la moral y las buenas costumbres ). Over the past twenty years, there have been reports of violence against gay men, including the openly killing of gay men in Mexico City and transvestites in the southern state of Chiapas. Local activists believe that these cases often remain unsolved, blaming the police for lack of interest in investigating them and for assuming that gays are somehow responsible for attacks on them.
In mid-2007, Emilio Alvarez Icaza Longoria (head of the Mexico City Human Rights Commission) said he was deeply concerned that Mexico City had the worst record for homophobic hatred, with 137 crimes reported between 1995 and 2005. Journalists and authors ( Homophobia , Hate, Crime and Justice 1995-2005 Fernando del Collado asserts that during the decade covered by his book, 387 crimes of homophobic hatred were committed in Mexico (98 percent of whom remain unprotected).
Del Collado expressed his concern about the lack of prosecution and reported that according to the Citizenship Commission Against Hate for Homophobia (CCCOH), three homosexuals were murdered every month in Mexico. Del Collado indicated that between 1995 and 2005, 126 homosexuals were murdered in Mexico City. Of them, 75 percent are taken back by their families. In 10 percent of cases, families identified victims but did not take back their bodies (which were buried in public graves) and the remaining 5 percent were never identified.
The former assistant lawyer for crime victim at the Federal District Attorney General's Office (PGJDF) Barbara Illan Rondero strongly criticizes the lack of sensitivity and professionalism on the part of the investigator in crimes committed against homosexuals and lesbians:
"I still can not determine whether this is due to negligence, lack of preparation or down-right cover and is a matter to be done with the aim of not completing these crimes because they do not carry significant weight".
Alejandro Brito Lemus, director of news supplements of Letra S (Surat S "), claims that only four percent of gays and lesbians suffering discrimination submit their complaints to the authorities:
"Regardless of the severity of aggression suffered, the majority of gays, lesbians and transsexuals prefer to remain silent about what is happening and remain isolated for fear of being attacked again in revealing their sexual orientation."
Political influence
LGBT participation is part of the prolonged Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Since the victory of the Liberals under President Benito JuÃÆ'¡rez in the 1860s and the 1910 Revolution, there has been a separation of church and state in Mexico. With morality generally regarded as a province of the Church, the PRI (which considers itself the party of the Revolution) is generally reluctant to be seen as implementing the will of the Catholic Church. However, also be careful not to offend Catholic moral.
In 1998, President Ernesto Zedillo (of PRI) appointed Pedro JoaquÃÆ'n-Coldwell (an open bisexual politician and former Governor of Quintana Roo) Ambassador to Cuba. However, most individual office holders tend to view LGBT issues as personal (neglected) or moral (opposed) issues. The PRI has allied itself with the PAN to block LGBT rights laws in some states (except in some cases). The party unanimously supports the recognition of same-sex workers' unions in Mexico City and Coahuila, for example. There is some internal debate within the PRI whether the party should have a platform board or not on the issue.
The National Action Party (PAN), a rightist party, tends to support the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and opposes LGBT issues on moral grounds. Some mayors of PAN have adopted an ordinance (or policy) that leads to the closure of gay bars or the detention of transvestites (usually on charges of prostitution). Many of its leaders have taken public positions describing homosexuality as "abnormal", "illness", or "moral weakness". However, in Campeche and Nayarit, the deputy of PAN voted unanimously to legalize same-sex marriage.
In the 2000 presidential election, the PAN candidate (and the eventual winner) Vicente Fox used homosexual stereotypes to degrade and humiliate his main opponent (Francisco Labastida). Fox accused Labastida of being a sissy and a mama's son and called him Lavoldida ("who was dressed"). When Mexico City and Coahuila legalized same-sex trade unions, the main opposition came from PAN, former President Vicente Fox and former President Felipe CalderÃÆ'³n. Since then, the party has opposed similar bills, arguing for protecting traditional family values. Nevertheless, PAN officials have insisted that homosexuals have the right as human beings and should not be victims of hatred or physical violence.
Participation by sexual minorities is widely accepted in the left-wing Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), one of the three main political parties in Mexico. Since its formation in the late 1980s, the PRD has supported LGBT rights and has a party program committed to ending discrimination on the basis of sexual diversity. In the 1997 parliamentary elections, Patria JimÃÆ'Â © nez became the first openly open member of the Federal Congress, and LGBT rights advocate David SÃÆ'¡nchez Camacho was elected to the Federal District Legislative Council (ALDF).
Two years later, the PRD-controlled Legislative Assembly passed a law prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation (the first of its kind in the country). In 2004, a bill on gender identity was passed, allowing transgender people to change their sex and sex on official documents. In the 2009 parliamentary elections, of 38 LGBT candidates presented by several political parties, only EnoÃÆ'Â © Uranga was successful: an openly lesbian politician who, in 2000, promoted the legalization of same-sex unions in Mexico City. The bill was passed six years later in the controlled Legislative Assembly of the PRD, allowing the same pair-inherited and retired pairs. Similar bills have been proposed by the PRD in many states.
The other left, the smaller party is the Convergence and the Labor Party (PT). Both have supported the LGBT community and the Bill proposed by the PRD on LGBT rights.
The dead Social Democratic Party (PSD), a progressive small party, is renowned for its support of the LGBT community. In the 2006 presidential election, Patricia Mercado, the first female presidential candidate, is the only candidate to openly support same-sex marriage. In the 2009 parliamentary elections, the party nominated 32 LGBT candidates (out of a total of 38 submitted by other parties) to seats in the Federal Congress.
In the municipality of Guadalajara, Mexico's second largest city, Miguel GalÃÆ'¡n became the first gay politician to openly nominate himself as mayor of the country. During his campaign, GalÃÆ'¡n was subjected to homophobic comments, especially by Green Party contender Gamaliel RamÃÆ'rerez (who, in a radio show, jokes about homosexuality and calls the PSD a "degenerate dirty party"). Ramrez also called homosexual practices "not normal" and said they should be banned. The following day, RamÃÆ'rez issued a written apology after his party criticized his comments. Despite losing the election, Galon received 7122 votes.
HIV and AIDS
The first case of AIDS in Mexico was diagnosed in 1983. Based on retrospective analysis and other public health investigation techniques, HIV in Mexico can be traced back to 1981. LGBT groups play a role in initiating programs to combat AIDS - a shift in focus that limits (at least temporarily) the emphasis on gay organization.
The National Center for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control (SENSIDA) is a program that promotes the prevention and control of the AIDS pandemic with public policy, sexual health promotion, and other evidence-based strategies. It aims to reduce the transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and sexually transmitted diseases and to improve the quality of life of affected persons (within the framework of the common good). SENSIDA has been active since 1988 and is working with government agencies and other non-governmental organizations (including those living with HIV/AIDS).
According to 2011 estimates, 0.2 percent of people aged 15-49 years are HIV-positive, which together with Cuba and Nicaragua are the lowest rates in Latin America and the Caribbean. In absolute numbers, about 180,000 people in Mexico are living with HIV in 2011, the second-largest population in the region after Brazil. According to CENSIDA, in 2009 more than 220,000 adults were HIV-positive; 60 percent are men who have sex with men, 23 percent are heterosexual women and 6 percent are commercial sex worker clients (mainly heterosexuals). More than 90 percent of reported cases are the result of sexual transmission.
The spread of HIV in Mexico is exacerbated by stigma and discrimination, which acts as a barrier to prevention, testing, and treatment. Stigmatization occurs in families, in health care, with the police, and in the workplace. A study by Infante-Xibille in 2004 of 373 healthcare providers in three Mexican states illustrates discrimination in health care. Tests are performed only with high-risk groups (often without consent), and AIDS patients are often isolated.
A participatory five-city community assessment 2005 by Colectivo Sol (a non-governmental organization) found that some HIV hospital patients had a sign on their bed claiming they were HIV-positive. In LeÃÆ'³n, Guanajuato, researchers found that 7 out of 10 people in the study lost their jobs because of their HIV status. The same study also documented evidence of discrimination that men who have sex with experienced men in their families.
In August 2008, Mexico hosted the 17th International AIDS Conference, a meeting that contributed to overcoming stigma and highlighted its achievements in the fight against disease. At the end of 2009, Health Secretary JosÃÆ'Â Â Â ngel CÃÆ'³rdova said in a statement that Mexico has fulfilled the UN Millennium Development Goals on HIV/AIDS (which requires countries to begin reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS before 2015). The rate of HIV infection was 0.4 percent, below the 0.6 percent target set by the World Health Organization for Mexico.
Approximately 70 percent of people who request treatment for HIV/AIDS arrive without symptoms of the disease, which raises life expectancy to at least 25 years. Treatment for HIV/AIDS in Mexico is free, and is offered at 57 specialized clinics for 30,000 (out of 60,000) people living with HIV. The Mexican government spends about $ 2 billion MXN (US $ 151.9 million) annually against the disease.
Summary table
See also
- LGBT in Mexico
General:
- LGBT Rights in America
- Human rights in Mexico
Footnote
References
External links
Informative
- National Council to Prevent Discrimination - the official website.
- National Center for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control - the official website.
- Anodis - Mexican news agency about sexual diversity.
- Equaldex - LGBT Rights in Mexico
More
- Gay Mexico - a gay online magazine.
- Antros Gay - a list of bars and gay clubs in Mexico.
- MexGay - information on gay-friendly tourist destinations in Mexico.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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