A zoo (short for zoological park or zoological park and also called animal park or menagerie ) is a facility where all animals are placed inside a cage, displayed to the public, and where they can also breed.
The term "zoological garden" refers to zoology, the study of animals, a term derived from the Greek z? On (????, 'animal') and lÃÆ'³gos (? ÃÆ'³ ???, 'learning'). The abbreviation of "zoo" was first used for the London Zoological Gardens, which opened for scientific study in 1828 and for the public in 1857. The number of major animal collections open to the public worldwide now exceeds 1,000, about 80 percent. of them are in the cities. In the United States alone, zoos are visited by more than 180 million people annually.
Video Zoo
Etimologi
The London Zoo, which opened in 1826, was originally known as the "Garden and Menagerie Zoological Society of London", and it describes itself as a zoo or "zoological forest". The abbreviation of "zoo" first appeared in print in England around 1847, when it was used for Clifton Zoo, but only about 20 years later its short form became popular in the song "Walking in the Zoo" by the music hall artist Alfred Vance. The term "zoological park" was used for larger facilities in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Washington, D.C., and the Bronx in New York, which opened in 1847, 1891 and 1899 respectively.
The relatively new term for zoos created at the end of the 20th century is the "conservation park" or "biopark". Adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to keep their institutions from the stereotypical concept of zoo and now criticized in the 19th century. The term "biopark" was first coined and developed by the National Zoo in Washington D.C. in the late 1980s. In 1993, the New York Zoological Society changed its name to the Wildlife Conservation Society and renamed the zoo under its jurisdiction as a "wildlife conservation park".
Maps Zoo
History
Royal Menageries
The predecessor of the zoological garden is a zoo, which has a long history from ancient to modern times. The oldest known zoological collection revealed during excavation at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 2009, from ca. 3500 BCE menagerie. Exotic animals include hippopotami, hartebeest, elephants, baboons and wildcats. King Ashur-belala from the Central Assyrian Empire created a zoological and botanical garden in the 11th century BC. In the 2nd century BC, Chinese Empress Tanki had a "deer house" built, and King Wen of Zhou kept a 1,500 acre zoo called Ling- Yu, or Garden of Intelligence. Other famous animal collectors include King Solomon of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah, queen of Semiramis and King Ashurbanipal of Assyria, and King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. In the 4th century BC, zoos existed in most of the Greek city states; Alexander the Great is known to have sent the animals he found on his military expedition back to Greece. The Roman emperors kept a private collection of animals to study or use in the arena, the latter very famous for the bad. The nineteenth-century historian W. E. H. Lecky wrote of the Roman game, first held in 366 BC:
At one time, bears and bulls, chained together, rolled in a fierce battle in the sand... Four hundred bears were killed in one day under Caligula... Under Nero, four hundred tigers fought with bulls and elephants. In one day, for the dedication of the Coliseum by Titus, five thousand animals were killed. Under Trajan... lions, tigers, elephants, rhinoceros, hippopotami, giraffes, bulls, stags, even crocodiles and snakes are hired to give new things to the spectacle.
Charlemagne has an elephant named Abul-Abbas given to him by the Abbasid Caliphate. Henry I of England kept a collection of animals at his castle in Woodstock, which reportedly included lions, leopards, and camels. The most distinguished collection of medieval England is in the Tower of London, made in 1204 by King John I.
Henry III received a wedding gift in 1235 from three leopards from Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and in 1264 the animals were transferred to Bulwark, renamed the Lion Tower, near the west entrance of the Tower. It was opened to the public during the Elizabeth I reign in the 16th century. During the 18th century, the admission price was three and a half pence, or a supply of cats or dogs to feed the lion. The animals were transferred to the London Zoo when it opened.
The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, in his capital, Tenochtitlan, has an "animal house" with many collections of birds, mammals and reptiles in a park maintained by over 600 employees. The park was depicted by several Spanish conquerors, including Hernón CortÃÆ'Â © s in 1520. After the Aztec uprising against Spanish rule, and during the ensuing battle for the city, CortÃÆ'Â © reluctantly ordered the zoo to be destroyed.
Era Enlightenment
The oldest zoos in the world still exist is Tiergarten SchÃÆ'¶nbrunn in Vienna, Austria. It was built by Adrian van Stekhoven in 1752 by order of Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, the husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, to serve as an imperial zoo as part of the Schönnunn Palace. The menagerie was originally reserved for the pleasure of seeing imperial families and courts, but made accessible to the public in 1765.
In 1775, a zoo was established in Madrid, and in 1795, the zoo inside Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founded by Jacques-Henri Bernardin, with animals from royal animals in Versailles, mainly for the scientific. research and education. Kazan Zoo, the first zoo in Russia was founded in 1806 by Kazan State University Professor Karl Fuchs.
The modern zoo
Until the early 19th century, the function of zoos often symbolized the power of the kingdom, like the cage of King Louis XIV at Versailles. The modern zoos that emerged early in the 19th century in Halifax, London, Paris, and Dublin, were focused on providing educational exhibits to the public for entertainment and inspiration.
The growing fascination for natural history and zoology, coupled with the tremendous expansion in urbanization London, led to increased demand for greater forms of public entertainment should be available. The need for public entertainment, as well as the requirements of scientific research, united in the founding of the first modern zoo.
The Zoological Society of London was founded in 1826 by Stamford Raffles and founded the London Zoo at Regent's Park two years later in 1828. At its founding, it was the first zoo in the world. Originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study, it was finally opened to the public in 1847. The Zoo is located in Regent's Park - then under development at the hands of architect John Nash. What distinguishes London zoo from its predecessor is its focus on the wider community. The zoo was set up in the middle of town for the public, and its layout is designed to cater to the large London population. London Zoo is widely copied as an archetype of a public city zoo. In 1853, the Zoo opened the world's first public aquarium.
Downs Zoological Park 'Created by Andrew Downs and opened to the public Nova Scotia in 1847. Originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study. In the early 1860s, a 40-hectare zoo with lots of flowers & amp; ornamental plants, picnic areas, statues, walkways, The Glass House (which contains a greenhouse with aviary, aquarium, & museum stuffed animals & birds), ponds, bridges over waterfalls, artificial lakes with fountains, greenhouses decorated with wood, forest area, and cage & amp; building.
The Dublin Zoo opened in 1831 by members of the medical profession who were interested in studying animals while they were alive and more specifically capturing them when they died. The first zoological garden in Australia was the Melbourne Zoo in 1860. That same year, the Central Park Zoo, the first public zoo in the United States, opened in New York, though in 1859, the Philadelphia Zoological Society had attempted to establish a zoo , but delayed opening it until 1874 due to the American Civil War.
In 1907, the German businessman, Carl Hagenbeck, founded Tierpark Hagenbeck in Stellingen, now a quarter of Hamburg. The zoo is a radical departure from the zoo's layout that had been erected in 1828. It was the first zoo to use an enclosure surrounded by ditches, rather than restricted cages, to get closer to the animal's natural environment. He also makes mixed species exhibits and is based on layout on different geographic organizing principles, as opposed to taxonomy.
When ecology emerged as a matter of public interest in the 1970s, some zoos began to consider making conservation their primary role, with Gerald Durrell of Jersey Zoo, George Rabb of the Brookfield Zoo, and William Conway of the Bronx Zoo (Wildlife Conservation Society). ) led the discussion. Since then, zoo professionals have become increasingly aware of the need to involve themselves in conservation programs, and the American Zoo Association immediately said that conservation is the highest priority. Because they want to emphasize conservation issues, many large zoos stop the practice of having animals doing tricks for visitors. The Detroit Zoo, for example, stopped its elephant show in 1969, and a chimp show in 1983, admitting that trainers may have abused animals to make them perform.
Whipsnade Park in Bedfordshire, England, opened in 1931 as the first safari park. This allows visitors to pass through the cage and approach the animals.
Mass destruction of wildlife habitats has not stopped worldwide and many species such as elephants, big cats, penguins, tropical birds, primates, rhino, exotic reptiles, and many others are in danger of dying. Many zoos today expect to stop or slow the decline of many endangered species. Many zoos see their primary purpose as breeding endangered species in captivity and putting them back into the wild. The modern zoo also aims to help teach visitors the importance of animal conservation, often by letting visitors watch animals live. Some critics and the majority of animal rights activists say that zoos, no matter what their intentions are, or how noble they are, are immoral and serve as anything but to satisfy human comfort at the expense of animals (which is an opinion that has spread over the years) year). However, zoo proponents argue that their efforts make a difference in the conservation and education of wildlife.
The human exhibition
Humans are sometimes shown in cages along with non-human animals, to illustrate the differences between people of European origin and non-Europeans. In September 1906, William Hornaday, director of the Bronx Zoo in New York - with an agreement from Madison Grant, head of the New York Zoological Society - owns Ota Benga, a Congolese dwarf, presented in a cage with a chimpanzee, then with a orangutan named Dohong, and a parrot. The exhibition is intended as an example of a "missing link" between orangutans and whites. It sparked protests from the city priest, but the public reportedly flocked to see it.
Humans were also featured in confinement during the 1931 Paris Colonial Exposition, and until 1958 at an exhibition "Congo village" at Expo '58 in Brussels.
Type
Zoo animals live in cages that often try to imitate their natural habitat or behavioral patterns, for the good of animals and visitors. Nocturnal animals are often placed in buildings with dark-light cycles reversed, ie only white or red lights are dim during the day so the animals are active during visitor hours, and brighter light at night when the animals sleep. Special climatic conditions can be made for animals living in extreme environments, such as penguins. Special shells for birds, mammals, insects, reptiles, fish, and other aquatic life forms have also been developed. Some zoos have a walk-in exhibit where visitors enter the enclosure of non-aggressive species, such as lemurs, marmosets, birds, lizards, and turtles. Visitors are required to keep track and avoid showing or eating food that may be struck by animals.
Safari Park
Some zoos keep animals in larger and open enclosures, confining them to trenches and fences, rather than in cages. The safari park, also known as zoo park and lion farm, allows visitors to drive through it and be near the animals. Sometimes, visitors can feed animals through car windows. The first safari park is Whipsnade Park in Bedfordshire, England, opened by the Zoological Society of London in 1931 which currently (2014) includes 600 acres (2.4 km²). Since the early 1970s, a 1,800-acre (7 km²) park in San Pasqual Valley near San Diego has featured San Diego Zoo Safari Park, run by the Zoological Society of San Diego. One of the two state-supported zoos in North Carolina is 2,000 hectares (8.1 km km <2) North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro. The 500-acre (2.0Ã, km 2 ) Werribee Open Range Zoo in Melbourne, Australia, features animals that live in an artificial savanna.
Aquaria
The first public aquarium opened at the London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of public aquaria on the European continent (eg Paris in 1859, Hamburg in 1864, Berlin in 1869, and Brighton in 1872) and the United States (eg Boston). in 1859, Washington in 1873, San Francisco Woodward's Garden in 1873, and the New York Aquarium at Battery Park in 1896).
Zoo Roadside
Roadside zoos are found throughout North America, especially in remote locations. They are often small, non-profit zoos, often meant to attract visitors to some other facility, such as a gas station. The animals may be trained to do the trick, and visitors can get closer to them than in larger zoos. Because they are sometimes poorly regulated, roadside zoos are often subjected to allegations of negligence and cruelty.
In June 2014, Animal Legal Defense Fund filed a lawsuit against the Cricket Hollow Zoo on the Iowa roadside for violating the Endangered Species Act for failing to provide proper care for its animals. Since filing the lawsuit, ALDF has obtained records of investigations conducted by the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; these records indicate that the zoo also violates the Animal Welfare Act.
Petting the zoo
The zoo, also called petting farms or a children's zoo, features a combination of domestic animals and wild species that are benign enough to be touched and fed. To ensure animal health, food is provided by the zoo, either from a vending machine or a nearby kiosk.
Animal garden theme
Animal playground is a combination of theme parks and zoos, especially for entertainment and commercial purposes. Marine mammal parks such as Sea World and Marineland are more elaborate dolphins for whales, and contain additional entertainment venues. Other types of zoos contain more elements of entertainment and entertainment than classic zoos, such as stage performances, roller coasters, and mythical creatures. Some examples are Tampa Bay Busch Gardens in Tampa, Florida, Disney Animal Kingdom and Gatorland in Orlando, Florida, Flamingo Land in North Yorkshire, England, and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo, California.
Animal sources
In 2000, most of the animals featured in the zoo were the offspring of other zoo animals. This trend, however and still rather species specific. When animals are transferred between zoos, they usually spend time in quarantine, and are given time to adjust to their new enclosures that are often designed to mimic their natural environment. For example, some penguin species may require a cooling enclosure. The care guidelines required for these animals are published in the International Zoo Yearbook .
Justification
Preservation and research
The position of modern zoos in Australasia, Asia, Europe, and North America, especially with the scientific community, is that they feature wild animals primarily for the conservation of endangered species, as well as for research and education purposes, and second for visitor entertainment, an argument which is criticized by critics. The Zoological Society of London declares in its charter that its aim is "the progress of Zoology and Animal Physiology and the introduction of a new subject and curious Animal Kingdom." It maintains two research institutes, the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine and the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology. In the US, Penrose Research Laboratory of the Philadelphia Zoo focuses on the study of comparative pathology. The World Association for Zoos and Aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in 1993, and in November 2004, it adopted a new strategy that sets the goals and mission of the 21st century zoo.
The proliferation of endangered species is coordinated by a cooperative breeding program that contains studbooks and international coordinators, which evaluate the role of individuals and institutions from a global or regional perspective, and there are regional programs worldwide for the conservation of endangered species.
In addition to the conservation of breeding species, large zoos can form an environment suitable for wild animals such as storks to live or visit. A colony of black crowned cranes has been regularly encountered at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. for more than a century. Some zoos can provide visitors with information about wild animals visiting or living in zoos, or encouraging them by directing them to a special feeding or breeding ground.
Roadside Zoo
In a well-organized modern zoo, breeding is controlled to maintain an independent global captive population. This is not the case in some poorly regulated zoos, often based in poorer areas. Overall, a year's "velocity of stock" of animals in selected groups from poor zoos is reported to be 20% -25% with 75% of wild capture apes dying in captivity in the first 20 months. The report authors state that prior to successful breeding programs, high mortality rates were the reason for "large-scale imports."
One 2-year study showed that of the 19,361 mammals that left the zoo accredited in the US between 1992 and 1998, 7,420 (38%) went to traders, auctions, farms, zoos and unaccredited individuals, and farms.
Animal welfare issue
The animal welfare of zoos varies greatly. Many zoos work to improve their animal enclosures and make them fit the needs of animals, although constraints such as size and cost make it difficult to create ideal captive environments for many species.
A study examining data collected over four decades found that polar bears, lions, tigers, and cheetahs showed evidence of stress in captivity. The zoo can be an internment camp for animals, but also a refuge. The zoo can be considered an internment camp because of inadequate enclosures that must be occupied by animals. When an elephant is placed in a flat cage, has no trees, no other elephants and only a few plastic toys to play; it can cause boredom and foot problems (Lemonic, McDowel, and Bjerklie 50). In addition, animals can have shorter life spans when they are in this type of enclosure. The cause could be human disease, material inside the cage, and possible escape attempts (Bendow 382). When zoos take time to think about animal welfare, zoos can become shelter. There are animals that are injured in the wild and can not survive on their own, but at the zoo they can live the rest of their lives healthy and happy (McGaffin). In recent years, some zoos have chosen to stop showing their larger animals because they can not provide enough cages for them (Lemonic, McDowell, and Bjerklie 50).
Moral concern
Some critics and many animal rights activists argue that zoo animals are treated as voyeuristic objects, rather than living things, and often suffer from the transition from free and wild to captivity. In the last two decades, European and North American zoos, heavily dependent on nurseries at the zoo, while reducing the number of wild animals captured.
Behavioral restrictions
Many modern zoos try to improve animal welfare by providing more space and enriching behavior. This often involves housing animals in natural enclosures that allow animals to express some of their natural behaviors, such as roaming and foraging. However, many animals remain in barren concrete enclosures or other minimally enriched enclosures.
Animals that naturally reach more than a few km each day, or do seasonal migration, can not perform this behavior in a zoo enclosure. For example, elephants usually travel about 45 km (28 mi) every day.
Abnormal behavior
Animals in zoos often exhibit abnormal behavior in frequency, intensity, or usually do not become part of their behavior. It usually shows stress. For example, elephants sometimes do head-bobbing, sometimes bears repeatedly round their cage boundaries, wild cats sometimes take care of themselves obsessively, and birds pull out their own feathers. Zoo critics claim that animals are always under physical and mental stress, regardless of the quality of care for animals. Elephants have been recorded showing stereotyped behavior in the form of swaying back and forth, swinging trunks or tracking routes. This has been observed in 54% of individuals in UK zoos.
Shorten your longevity
Elephants in Japanese zoos have shorter life spans than their wild counterparts in just 17 years, though other research suggests that zoo elephants live as long as they are in the wild. Although, most other animals, such as reptiles, and others, can live longer than in the wild.
Climatic problems
Climatic conditions can make it difficult to keep some animals in the zoo in some locations. For example, the Alaska Zoo has an elephant named Maggie. He was placed in a small cage indoors because the outside temperature was too low.
Surplus animals
Especially in large animals, limited amount of space is available at the zoo. As a result, various management tools are used to preserve space for the most "valuable" individuals and reduce the risk of inbreeding. The management of animal populations is usually done through international organizations such as AZA and EAZA. The zoo has several different ways of managing the animal population, such as switching between zoos, contraceptives, excessive animal sales and euthanasia (extermination).
Contraception can be effective, but it may also result in health and it can be difficult (or even impossible) to retreat in some animals. In addition, some species may lose their full reproductive capacity if prevented from breeding for a period (either through contraception or isolation), but further studies are needed on the subject. The sale of surplus animals from zoos was formerly common and in some cases animals have ended up in substandard facilities. In the last few decades, the practice of selling animals from certified zoos has declined. Large numbers of animals are taken each year in the zoo, but this is controversial. The massively publicized annihilation as part of population management is a healthy giraffe at the Copenhagen Zoo by 2014. The zoo claims that its genes are well represented in captivity, making giraffes unsuitable for future breeding. There was an offer to adopt it and an online petition to save him had thousands of signatories, but the annihilation continued. Although some zoos in some countries have been open about annihilation, subject controversies and public pressure have caused others to close. This is different from most zoos announcing open births of animals. In addition, while many zoos are willing to set aside smaller and/or lower-profile animals, few are willing to do so with larger larger species.
Feeding directly and "fishing"
In many countries, feeding live vertebrates to zoo animals is illegal, except in exceptional circumstances. For example, some snakes refuse to eat dead prey. However, at Badaltearing Safari Park in China, visitors can throw live goats into the lions 'cage and see them eaten, or can buy live chickens tied to bamboo sticks for 2 dollars/euro to dangle into the lions' den. Visitors can drive through the lion complex on the bus with a specially designed launch that they can use to push the live chickens into the cage. At Xiongsen Bear and Tiger Mountain Village near Guilin in southeast China, live cattle and pigs are thrown into the tiger to entertain visitors.
At the Qingdao (Eastern China) zoo, visitors can engage in "turtle bait", where turtles are kept in a small room with elastic bands around their necks so they can not retract their heads. Visitors are allowed to throw coins at them. The marketing claim is that if someone hits one of the turtles in the head and makes a wish, it will be fulfilled.
Rule
United States
In the United States, every public animal exhibit should be licensed and inspected by the Department of Agriculture, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Depending on the animals they exhibit, zoo activities are governed by laws including the Endangered Species Act, the Animal Welfare Act, the 1918 Migration Agreement Act and others. In addition, zoos in North America may choose to pursue accreditation by the Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA). To achieve accreditation, zoos must pass through application and inspection processes and meet or exceed AZA standards for animal health and welfare, fundraising, zoo staffing and engagement in global conservation efforts. Inspections are carried out by three experts (usually one veterinarian, one expert in animal care, and one expert in zoo management and operations) and then reviewed by a panel of twelve experts before accreditation is given. This accreditation process is repeated every five years. AZA estimates that there are about 2,400 animal exhibits operating under USDA license as of February 2007; less than 10% accredited.
Europe
In April 1999, the EU introduced directives to strengthen the zoo's conservation role, making it a legal requirement that they participate in conservation and education, and require all member states to set up systems for their licensing and inspection. The Zoo is organized in the UK by the Zoo Licensing Act of 1981, which came into force in 1984. The zoo is defined as "the place where wild animals are kept for display... where community members have access, with or without entry fees, seven days or more within twelve months in a row ", excluding circus and pet stores. The law requires all zoos to be examined and licensed, and that animals kept in cages are equipped with the appropriate environment in which they can express the most normal behavior.
See also
Note
References
External links
Media related to Zoo in Wikimedia Commons
- Zoo Zoos around the world, aquariums, animal sanctuaries and wildlife parks
- The Zoological Garden maintains the Asian Elephant
- The Bartlett Society: Serving on stydying methods yesterday to keep wild animals, download pages
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