The Psychidae ( moth bagworm , also just bagworms or bagmoth ) is a family of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths ). The bagworm family is quite small, with about 1,350 species described. Bagworm species are found globally, with some of them, such as bagworm snailcase (Apterona helicoidella ), settling on continents where they are not native in modern times.
Another common name for Psychidae is "case mold" , but it is also used for case carriers (Coleophoridae). The names refer to the caterpillar habits of these two families, who build small protection cases where they can hide. Bagworms belong to the superfamily Tineoidea, which is the basal lineage of Ditrysia like Gelechioidea, in which case carriers are placed. This means that bagworms and case-bearers are only closely related to each other like butterflies (Rhopalocera).
Most bagworms do not attack humans and are not at all flashy; there are sometimes annoying pests. However, some species may become more serious pests, and have caused significant damage for example. for acacia mearnsii in South Africa and orange ( Citrus ÃÆ'-sinensis ) in Florida. If detected earlier, taking cases from temporary trees in their pupa stage is an effective way to check for infestations; otherwise, insecticides are used. One of the bagworm species, fangalabola ( Deborrea malgassa ) from Madagascar, in some places is encouraged to breed on the walnut tree, because the pupa is collected as a protein-rich food.
Video Bagworm moth
Description
The caterpillar larvae of Psychidae build cases of silk and environmental materials such as sand, soil, moss, or plant material. These cases are attached to rocks, trees or fences while resting or during their pupa stage, but instead move. Larvae of some species eat moss, while others prefer green leaves. In many species, adult females lack wings and are therefore difficult to identify accurately. Case-bearer cases are usually much smaller, flimsier, and mainly consist of silk, while bagworms "bags" resemble caddisfly cases in their outer appearance - the mass of plant detritus (mainly) rotates along with the silk on the inside.
Bagworm sizes range from less than 1 cm to 15 cm between several tropical species. Each species makes a special case for its species, making the case more useful for identifying species than the creature itself. The case among the more primitive species is flat. More specific species show larger variations in size, shape, and box composition, usually narrowed at both ends. The attachment substances used to affix the bag to a host plant, or structure, can be very powerful, and in some cases require a lot of power to erase given the relative size and weight of the actual "bag" structure itself. Body signs are rare. Adult females of many bagworm species have only vestigial wings, legs, and mouths. In some species, parthenogenesis is known. Adult males of most species are powerful leaflets with well-developed wings and feathered antennae, but survive long enough to reproduce due to an undeveloped mouth that prevents them from feeding. Their wings have several scales that are characteristic of most moths, and have a thin layer of feathers.
Maps Bagworm moth
Ecology
At the larval stage, the bagworms extend their head and chest from their cell phone casing to eat the leaves of the host plant, often causing the death of its host. Trees full of bagworms show foliage increasingly damaged when the infestation increases until the leaves are naked. Some bagworms specialize in their host plants (monophagous), while others can eat different types of plants (polifags). Some species also consume small arthropods (such as camphor scale Pseudaonidia duplex , scale insects).
Because bagworm cases consist of silk and materials from their habitat, they are naturally disguised from predators. Predators include birds and other insects. Birds often eat the bodies of egg-pocketed sacs filled with eggs after they die. Because the eggs are so hard, they can pass through the bird's digestive system unscathed, promoting the spread of the species over a large area.
A bagworm starts to build its shell immediately after hatching. Once the case is built, only adult males ever leave the case, never return, when they fly in search of a mate. Bagworm adds material to the front of the shell as they grow, removing waste material through a hole in the back of the casing. When sated with leaves, the bagworm caterpillar secures the casing and its children. Adult females, not winged, either emerge from the case long enough to be cultured or fixed in the case while the man widens his stomach into the female case to breed. Women lay eggs in their boxes and die. The living green caterpillars ( Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis ) die without egg-laying, and the bagworm larvae arise from the parental body. Some bagworm species are parthenogenetic, meaning their eggs grow without fertilization in men. Each generation of bagworms lives long enough when adults to mate and reproduce in their annual cycles.
Systematics
Ten subfamilies and about 240 genera are recognized among the bagworms.
Subfamilies Psychidae, with several leading genera and species also listed, are:
References
External links
- Silkworm, Falling Web Caterpillars or Caterpillar East Tents ?, August 18, 2001. Sandra Mason, University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- Bagworm, Photo and Video Control from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension
- Bagnorm fact sheet from Penn State
- Psychic Accessed 2002-06-26
- Bagworm Silk Cases
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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