LGBT history dates back to the first recorded examples of same-sex love and sexuality of ancient civilizations, involving lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, and transgender (LGBT) histories of people and cultures around the world. What persists after centuries of persecution - resulting in shame, oppression, and secrecy - has only in recent decades been pursued and intertwined into a more important historical narrative.
In 1994, LGBT History Month's annual celebration began in the US, and has since been picked up in other countries. This obedience involves highlighting the history of society, LGBT rights and the associated civil rights movement. This was observed during October in the United States, to include the National Day of Exit on October 11th. In the United Kingdom, observed during February, coincides with a major celebration of the abolition of Section 28 of 2005, which prohibits schools from discussing LGBT or LGBT counseling issues or questioning youth.
Video LGBT history
Sejarah kuno
Among historical figures, some are noted to have relationships with others about their own sex - exclusively or together with the opposite sex - while others are recorded to have only relationships with the opposite sex. However, there are examples of same-sex love and sexuality in almost all ancient civilizations. In addition, people who are the third gender or what we now regard as intersex have been recorded in almost all cultures throughout human history.
Africa
Anthropologists Stephen Murray and Will Roscoe report that women in Lesotho are involved in a socially-named, socially named "erotic, long term relationship," named motsoalle. EE Evans-Pritchard also notes that male Azande fighters (in northern Congo) routinely take wife-wives between the ages of twelve and twenty, who assist household chores and participate in inter-tribal sex with their older husbands. The practice was extinguished at the beginning of the 20th century, after Europe controlled the African countries, but retold to Evans-Pritchard by the elders who spoke with him.
Ancient Egyptian
Ostraca derived from the Ramesside Period has been found which depicts hasty homosexual images as well as heterosexual sex. Duo Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum, manicurists at King Niuserre's Palace during the fifth dynasty of Egyptian Pharaohs, around 2400 BC. speculated to be gay based on the representation of those who embrace the nose-to-nose in their common grave. King Neferkare and General Sasenet , a story of the Middle Kingdom, has an interesting plot that revolves around the dark gay affairs of a king with one of his generals. This may be an actual reference to Pharaoh Pepi II, which is probably gay.
early modern Egypt
Shiva Oasis is very attractive to anthropologists and sociologists because of its historical acceptance of male homosexuality. The practice may have arisen because from ancient times unmarried males and adolescent boys were required to live and work together outside the town of Shali, isolated for several years from access to available women. In 1900, German egyptian genius George Steindorff reported that, "the party of marrying a boy is celebrated with great splendor, and the money paid to boys sometimes amounts to fifteen pounds, while the money paid for a woman is small on a single pound. "Archaeologists Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 that" enthusiasm can not be approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality is not only rampant, it rages... Every dancer has his girlfriend... [and] the head has harem boys.
Walter Cline notes that, "all men and boys Siwan normally do sodomy... the natives are not ashamed of this, they talk about it openly when they talk about women's love, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexuals. competition.... Leading people lend their sons to one another All Siwan knows the marriages that take place between the sheiks and their sheik sons.... Most of the boys used in sodomy are between two "In the late 1940s, a Siwan merchant told an English novelist who visited Robin Maugham that the Siwans" will kill each other for boys, never for a woman ".
America
Among Native Americans prior to European colonization, a number of countries have a respected role for homosexual, bisexual, and non-gender individuals; in many indigenous peoples, this social and spiritual role is still being observed. While each native culture has its own names for these individuals, a modern pan-India term that has been adopted by consensus is "Two-Spirit". Usually this individual is recognized from the beginning of his life, and raised in the right way, learning from the Elders about the customs, spiritual, and social obligations that these special people fill in society.
Ancient Assyria
The Middle Assyrian Law Codes (1075 BC) declare: If a man makes contact with his brothers, they will turn him into a eunuch. This is the earliest law to condemn male-male relations in the military. Regardless of these laws, homosexuality is an integral part of the life of the temple in some parts of Mesopotamia, and no error seems to be attached to its practice outside of worship. Some kings have male lover - both Zimri-lin (king Mari) and Hammurabi (king of Babylon) sleep with men. Some of the Assyrian priests are gay men in crossword. The art of free anal sex is described, practiced as part of a religious ritual, dated from the 3rd millennium BC and beyond.
Ancient Chinese
Homosexuality has been recognized in China since ancient times. Pan Guangdan scholar (???) came to the conclusion that almost every emperor in the Han Dynasty had one or more male sex partners. Homosexuality in China, known as the desire of cut peaches and other euphemisms has been recorded since about 600 BC. Homosexuality is mentioned in many famous Chinese literary works.
Examples of same-sex affections and sexual interactions described in the classic Dream of the Red Chamber novel appear familiar to today's observers as well as the equivalent story of the romance between heterosexuals during the same period. Confucianism, which is primarily social and political philosophy, is slightly focused on sexuality, whether homosexual or heterosexual. There is also a lesbian description in some history books. It is believed that homosexuality was popular in the Song Dynasty, Ming, and Qing.
Ancient India
Throughout the texts of Hinduism and Vedas there are many descriptions of saints, gods, and even God Almighty beyond gender norms and manifest many combinations of sex and gender. There are several examples in ancient Indian epic poetry of the same depictions and unions by gods and goddesses. There are several stories that describe love between the same sex especially among kings and queens. Kamasutra, the ancient Indian treatise on love speaks of feelings for the same sex. There are several depictions of same-sex sexual acts in temples such as Khajuraho. Several nobles and Mughal emperors and other Muslim rulers in South Asia are known to have homosexual tendencies. In South Asia, Hijra is a third gender caste group, or transgender who carries a feminine role. Hijra can be born male or intersex, and some may be born as women.
Ancient Israel
The ancient law of Moses prohibited people from lying to men (ie, from intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and telling stories about attempted homosexual rape in Genesis 19, in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, after which the cities were soon destroyed with "sulfur and fire, from God "and the death penalty was given to his inhabitants and Lot's wife who was tuned to a salt pole because he turned to witness the destruction of the cities. In Deuteronomy 22: 5, cross-dressing is condemned as "vile".
The Central Assyrian Code of Law, dated 1075 BC states: "If a man has anything to do with his brother, they will turn him into a eunuch."
Ancient Japan
In Japan, some Heian diaries containing references to homosexual acts also exist. Some of them also contain references to emperors involved in homosexual relationships and "handsome boys held for sexual purposes" by the emperor. In other literary works there can be found references to what Leupp has called "gender identity issues", such as the story of a young man falling in love with a girl who is actually a cross-dressing man. Japanese shunga is an erotic image covering same-sex love and the opposite sex.
Ancient Persian
In pre-modern Islam, there is "the widespread belief that the bearded teen has the temptation to the adult male as a whole, and not just for a small minority of irregularities."
Classic figure in Europe
Ancient Celtic
According to Aristotle, although most of the "belligerent nations" were heavily influenced by their women, the Celtic people were unusual because their men openly favored male lover (Political II II 1269b). H. D. Rankin in Celtic and the Classical World notes that "Athenaeus echoes this comment (603a) and so does Ammianus (30.9). It seems to be a common opinion of antiquity." In his XIII book of Deipnosophists, Greek Greek rhetoric and Athenaeus grammarist, repeating the remarks made by Diodorus Siculus in the 1st century BC (Bibliotheca historica 5:32), writing that the Celtic ladies beautiful but that men prefer to sleep together. Diodorus went on to state that "the youths will offer themselves to strangers and be humiliated if the offer is rejected". Rankin argues that the main source of this statement is probably Poseidonius and speculates that this author may record male "ritual bonds".
Ancient Greek
The earliest documents on same-sex relations were from ancient Greece. Such a relationship does not replace marriage between men and women, but occurs before and next to it. An adult male will usually not have a male adult couple (with the exception of Alexander the Great and the same Hephaestion) but the older man usually becomes erastes for a young eromenos (loved ones). Men can also look for male teenagers as partners as shown by some of the earliest documents on same-sex pedantastic relationships, originating from ancient Greece. Often they are liked by women. One ancient proverb states that "Women for business, boys are for pleasure." Although male slaves can be bought, free boys must be approached, and ancient material shows that the father must also approve the relationship.
Such a document describes a world in which relationships with women and relationships with youths are an important foundation of a normal man's love life. Same-sex relationships are social institutions that are built from time to time and from one city to another. Formal practice, erotic but often controllable relationships between free adult males and free adolescents are assessed for pedagogic benefits and as a means of population control, although sometimes it is blamed for causing harm.
Plato praised its merits in his early writings [eg, Phaedrus in the Symposium <385-370 BC]] but in his earlier works suggested his prohibition [eg, in Laws (636D & 835E) ). In the Plato Symposium (182B-D), Plato likened the acceptance of homosexuality to democracy and its oppression to despotism, and wrote that homosexuality is "embarrassing for the barbarians because their despotic government, like philosophy and athletics is, in the best interests of such rulers to have great ideas aroused in their subject, or strong friendships or physical unions, all of whom love to produce. " Aristotle, in Politics , dismissed Plato's idea of ​​abolishing homosexuality; he explained that barbarians like the Celtic gave him a special honor, while the Cretans used it to regulate the population.
Ideally, the two couples will be inspired by the love symbolized by Eros, who unselfishly provides the proper education, guidance and gifts for his eromenos, who become his devoted disciples and assistants, while sexuality is theoretically less than penetrative and it is said to be primarily composed of frottage or inter-type sex acts. Although this is an ideal, realistically speaking, it is possible that in many such relationships anal and penetrative sex do occur. The expected result is a reciprocal improvement of both erastes and eromenos, each doing their best to excel in order to be worthy of others. If someone is open about a person's homosexuality they are alienated or in some cases executed because it is considered a liability to one's ethnic group to reproduce.
Kenneth J. Dover, followed by Michel Foucault and Halperin, considers that it is considered inappropriate for Eromenos to feel desire, since it is not masculine. However, Dover's claim has been questioned in light of the evidence of love poems that show a more emotional connection than previous researchers love to admit. Several studies have shown that the ancient Greeks believed semen, more specifically sperm, to be a source of knowledge, and that this relationship served to convey the wisdom of erastes to eromenos in society.
Sappho, who was born on the island of Lesbos, was included by later Greeks in the canonical list of nine lyric poets. Adjectives derived from the name and place of birth (Sapphic and Lesbian) began to be applied to female homosexuality that began in the 19th century. Sappho poetry centers on passion and love for various characters and both sexes. The narrator of many of his poems speaks of madness and love (sometimes rewarded, sometimes not) for various women, but the description of physical acts between women is few and arguable.
Ancient Rome
In Ancient Greece and Phrygian, and later in the Roman Republic, the Goddess Cybele was worshiped by a cult of men who castrated themselves, and afterwards took women's clothing and called themselves women. These early transgender figures have also been referred by some authors as early role models.
In Ancient Rome the body of young men remained the focus of men's sexual attention, but the relationship between older free men, and freed slaves or young men who took a receptive role in sex. All emperors, with the exception of Claudius, took male lover. Hellenophob's Emperor Hadrian is famous for his relationship with Antinous.
In Roman patriarchal society, it is socially acceptable for adult male citizens to take a penetrative role in same-sex relationships. Minor children Freeborn is completely protected from sexual predators (see Lex Scantinia ), and men who willingly play a "passive" role in homosexual relationships are underestimated. There is no law or moral condemnation directed against such homosexual behavior, as long as the citizens take dominant roles with lower-status partners such as slaves, prostitutes, or someone considered infinite, there is no social standing.
The Roman Emperor Elagabalus is described as a transgender by some modern writers. Elagabalus is said to be "easy to be called a mistress, wife, queen Hierocles." Supposedly, great wealth is offered to every surgeon who can afford the female genitalist Elagabalus.
During the Renaissance, the rich cities of northern Italy - Florence and Venice in particular - are renowned for their widespread love practices, engaging in the vast majority of the male population and are built along the classical patterns of Greece and Rome.. Attitudes toward homosexual behavior changed when the Empire fell under Christian rule; see for example Justinian I law.
South Pacific
In many Melanesian societies, especially in Papua New Guinea, same-sex relations, until the middle of the last century, are an integral part of culture. Etoro and Marind-anim, for example, view heterosexuality as a sinful and celebrated homosexuality instead. In many traditional Melanesian cultures, a pre-puberty boy will be paired with an older teenager who will be his mentor and who will "inseminate" him (verbally, anally, or topically, depending on the tribe) for a few more years The youth also reach puberty.
Maps LGBT history
Medieval
The same 'common mind-gender' culture of mind in medieval Middle Eastern culture, as seen in their poems about same-sex love.
According to John Boswell, Christian book author, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality , there is a same-sized Christian monastic community and other religious orders in which homosexuality develops. According Chauncey et al. (1989), the book "offers a revolutionary interpretation of Western tradition, arguing that the Roman Catholic Church does not condemn gay men throughout its history, but at least until the twelfth century, alternately there is no particular concern about homosexuality or actual love celebrated among men. male. "Boswell is also the author of the European Sexual Pre-Modern Society (New York: Villard, 1994) where he argues that the adelphopoiia liturgy is evidence that the Church's attitude Christianity against homosexuality has changed over time, and that early Christians sometimes accept same-sex relationships. Some critics, especially R. W. Southern, have denied Boswell's findings and scientific prowess. His work attracted great controversy, as it was seen by many as Boswell's attempt to justify his homosexuality and Roman Catholic faith. For example, R. W. Southern suggests that homosexuality has been extensively criticized by religious leaders and medieval scholars before the twelfth century; he also showed signs of repentance that were common in early medieval societies, and many of them included homosexuality as one of the grave sins.
Bennett and Froide, in "Singlewomen in the European Past", notes: "Other single women find emotional comfort and sexual pleasure with women.The history of same-sex relationships between early modern and early European women is very difficult to learn, but there is no doubt about Church leaders worried about lesbian sex, women expressed, practiced, and sometimes imprisoned or even executed for same-sex love, and some women dressed in cross to stay with other women as married couples. "They went on to note that even the seemingly modern "lesbian" has been traced back to 1732, and discusses the lesbian subculture, but adds, "Nevertheless, we certainly should not equate a single country with lesbian practice." While same-sex relationships among men are deeply documented and criticized, "moral theologians do not pay much attention to the question of what we now call lesbian sex, perhaps because everything that does not involve the phallus is not within their limits. about sex Some laws against lesbian relationships can be expressed for that period, especially those involving the use of "instruments," in other words, dildos. "
The persecution of homosexuality increased during the Middle Ages, culminating during the Medieval Inquisition, when the Cathar and Waldens sects were accused of adultery and sodomy, in addition to allegations of satanism. In 1307, accusations of sodomy and homosexuality were major allegations that were leveled during the Templar Knights Court. The theologian Thomas Aquinas is particularly influential in linking the condemnation of homosexuality to the idea of ​​natural law, arguing that "special sins are contrary to nature, as, for example, as opposed to the relationship between men and women with animals, and so also specifically qualify as unnatural. "
Muslims - often Sufis - poets in medieval Arab lands and in Persia write odes to the beautiful wine boys who serve them in the tavern. In many areas, this practice has survived to modern times, as documented by Richard Francis Burton, Andrà ©  © Gide, and others. Homoerotic themes are present in poetry and other literature written by some Muslims from the medieval period and who celebrate love between humans. This is actually more common than the expression of attraction in women.
Persian poets, such as Sa'di (w 1291), Hafiz (d. 1389), and Jami (w 1492), wrote poems filled with homoerotic allusions. The two most frequently documented forms are commercial sex with transgender or transgender young women who impose transgender roles exemplified by kÃÆ'¶ÃÆ'§eks and bacchÃÆ'¡s, and Sufi spiritual practices in which practitioners admire the form of a beautiful boy to enter the state of joy and see the beauty of the god.
The Renaissance
The Renaissance saw intense oppression of homosexual relations by the Roman Catholic Church. Homosexual activity has radically shifted from being completely legal in most of Europe to inflict the death penalty in most European countries. In France, the first sodomy offended loses their testicles, the second offender loses their penis, and the three offenders are burned. Women caught in the same sex will be mutilated and executed as well. Thomas Aquinas argues that sodomy is second only to murder in the rank of sin. The Church uses every means to counter what is considered "sodomy corruption". Men fined or imprisoned; boy whipped. The hardest punishment, such as burning at stake, is usually reserved for crimes committed against very young people, or by violence. The Spanish Inquisition began in 1480, sodomy was pelted, castrated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than 1,600 people were tried for sodomy. In 1532 the Holy Roman Empire made the sodomy condemned to death. The following year, King Henry VIII passed the 1533 Buggery Act that made all male sexual activity condemned to death.
Florentine Homosexual
Florence has a widespread homosexual culture, which includes a structured relationship of age. In 1432 the city was founded Gli Ufficiali in Notte (Night Officials) to revoke the practice of sodomy. From that year to 1502, the number of people charged with sodomy numbered more than 17,000, of which 3,000 were sentenced. This amount also includes heterosexual sodomy. It also raises a number of proverbs that illuminate the views of ordinary people on practice; between them: "If you crave joy, take some boys."
Association of homosexuals with foreign
Florence's reputation is also reflected in the fact that Germany adopted the word "Florenzer" to refer to "sodomy". Foreign relations with homosexuality gradually became the foundation of homophobic rhetoric throughout Europe, and it was used in a powerful perspective. For example, France would refer to "homosexuality" as an "Italian representative" in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English "representatives" of the 18th century, the nineteenth-century orientoe moeurs and "German representatives" 1870 and into the 20th century.
Literature
The Church can not suppress all the expression of homoerotic desires. One of the most notable examples is the defense of the tongue-in-cheek philosophy of practice given by Antonio Rocco, in his famous book L'Alcibiade, fanciullo a scola ( Alcibiades the Schoolboy >, in English) a dialogue in which a teacher attempts to use philosophy to convince a male student to have sex with her. However, given the disgusting nature of the writing, it seems unclear whether it is meant to be satirical or original by pretending to be a joke.
Modern Europe
Shifting psychology and terminology
The growing field of psychology is the first way homosexuality can be directly addressed apart from biblical condemnation. In Europe, homosexuality has been a part of case studies since the 1790s with the work of Johann Valentin MÃÆ'¼ller. Studies in this era tend to be a rigorous examination of "criminals", seeking to ascertain the error and set patterns for future prosecutions. Ambroise Tardieu in France believes he can identify "pederasts" asserting that the sex organs are altered by homosexuality in the publication of 1857. The exposure of FranÃÆ'§ois Charles, Les Deux Prostitution: ÃÆ' â € žtudes du pathologie sociale, (Two Prostitution: Social Pathology Study) developed a method - methods for police to persecute through careful documentation of homosexuality. Others include Johann Caspar and Otto Westphal, Karl Ulrichs. Krafft-Ebing publication of 1886, Psychopathia Sexualis, is the most widely translated work of this type. He and Ulrichs believe that homosexuality is congenital based, but Krafft-Ebing is different; in that case, he asserts that homosexuality is a symptom of another psychopathic behavior which he views as an inherited heritage to degeneration.
Degeneration became a widely recognized theory for homosexuality during the 1870s and 80s. This speaks to Darwin's eugenic and social theory from the late 19th century. Benedict Augustin Morel is considered the father of the degeneration theory. His theories assume that physical, intellectual, and moral abnormalities stem from disease, urban over-population, malnutrition, alcohol, and other failures of contemporary society.
An important shift in the terminology of homosexuality was brought about by the development of psychological inquisitions into homosexuality. "Conflicting sexual feelings," as Westphal reveals, and the word "homosexual" itself goes into the West's lexicon. Homosexuality has a name other than the elusive term "sodomy" and "abomination." Like the phrase Michel Foucault, "sodomy is a temporary aberration; homosexuals are now species."
An addendum to the terminology of homosexuality is an ever-changing acronym, with its roots in the 1980s when women's homosexuals begin to identify themselves as lesbian and not gay. This led to references from "gays and lesbians" whenever homosexuals were discussed in the media. Non-heterosexuals such as bisexuals and transgender people have also been classified with gays and lesbians, resulting in popular LGBT acts (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender). However, the acronym is not set in stone; sometimes appearing as LGBTQ (to include people asking or weird).
Homosexuality in England in the 18th century
Various authors wrote about the topic of homosexuality. In 1735, Conyers Place wrote "The Reason of an Inadequate Guide to Doing Humanity in Religion." In 1749, Thomas Cannon wrote "Ancient and Modern Pederasti Investigated and Exemplified." In August 1772, the "Morning Chronicle" published a series of letters to the editor about the trial of Captain Robert Jones. In 1773, Charles Crawford wrote "A Dissertation in Phaedon of Plato."
Molly's houses appeared in 18th-century London and other major cities. A Molly House is an 18th century English term for a tavern or private room where homosexual and cross-dress men can meet each other and possibly sexual partners. The builder of Molly's house sometimes imposed a mock marriage, sometimes with the bride giving birth. Margaret Clap (? - around 1726), better known as Mother Clap, runs Molly's house from 1724 to 1726 in Holborn, London. He is also heavily involved in the next legal battle after his premise is invaded and closed. Molly's homes are probably the first precursors to modern gay bars.
Declaration of homosexuality in France
Written on July 21, 1776, Surat LXIII became famous for its straightforward human sexuality talk. Mathieu-FranÃÆ'§ois Pidansat de Mairobert published the letter in his 1779 book, "L'Espion Anglois, Ou Correspondance Secrete Entre Milord All'eye et Milord Alle'ar" (aka "L'Observateur Anglais or L'Espion Anglais" ) ("British Spy, or Secret Correspondence Between My Lord and Master All'eye Alle'ar [aka The English Observer or The English Spy]").
In 1791, the Revolutionary France (and Andorra) adopted a new criminal law that no longer criminalized sodomy. Thus France became the first Western European country to decriminalize homosexual acts between approved adults. Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde, Irish writer and playwright, plays an important role in bringing homosexuality to the public eye. Scandals in British society and subsequent court cases from 1895-6 are discussed not only in Europe but also in America, although newspapers like the New York Times are concentrated on extortion questions, referring only to the homosexual aspect of having " strange meaning, "in its first publication on April 4, 1895. After the capture of Wilde, April 6, the New York Times discussed Wilde's case as a question of" immorality "and did not specifically address homosexuality, discussed men" some as young as 18 "who was raised as a witness. Inspired by renowned Wilde and homosexuality, gay activist Craig Rodwell founded the first LGBTQ bookstore in the United States on November 24, 1967 and named it the Oscar Wilde Book Shop. The emancipation movement in Germany, 1890s-1934
Before the Third Reich, Berlin was a liberal city, with many gay bars, nightclubs and cabarets. There are even lots of drag bars where direct and gay tourists will enjoy the imitation of women. Hitler denounces cultural degeneration, prostitution and syphilis in his book Mein Kampf blaming at least some of the phenomena in Jews.
Berlin also has the most active LGBT rights movement in the world at that time. The Jewish physician Magnus Hirschfeld founded the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitÃÆ'¤res Komitee, WhK) in Berlin in 1897 to campaign against the infamous "Paragraph 175" of the Criminal Code which makes sex among illegal men. It also seeks social recognition of homosexual and transgender men and women. It was the first public gay rights organization. The Committee has branches in several other countries, thus becoming the first LGBT international organization, albeit on a small scale. In 1919, Hirschfeld also co-founded the Institute of Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sex Research), a private sexology research institute. It has a large research and archive library, and includes wedding offices and sex counseling. In addition, the institute is a worldwide pioneer in calls for civil rights and social acceptance for homosexual and transgender people. As the leading city for homosexuality during the 1920s, Berlin has clubs and even newspapers for lesbians and gay men. Die Freundin lesbian magazine was started by Friedrich Radszuweit and gay magazine Der Eigene was started in 1896 as the first gay magazine in the world. The first gay demonstration ever took place at Nollendorfplatz in 1922 in Berlin, collecting 400 homosexuals..
World War II and Holocaust
During the Holocaust about 50,000 people were sentenced for their homosexuality and thousands of them died in concentration camps. Outside of the gay community, homosexual persecution is usually ignored. The conditions for gay men in the camps were very rough; they not only faced persecution from the German army, but also other prisoners, and many gay men were reportedly killed by beatings. German soldiers are also known to use a pink triangle that people are forced to use for target practice with their weapons. Female homosexuality is not, technically, crime and thus gay women are generally not treated as equally roughly as gay men. Although there are scattered reports that gay women are sometimes imprisoned for their sexuality, most will be jailed for other reasons, namely "anti-social".
Alan Turing
In the UK, the view of homosexuality as a sign of the perverse mind is not limited to the hospital psychiatric ward but also the courts. A very famous case is the case of Alan Turing, a mathematician and a theoretician from England. During World War II, Turing worked at Bletchley Park and was one of the main architects of Colossus computers, designed to break the Enigma code of the Nazi war machine. For this success, he received the Order of the British Empire in 1945. Unfortunately, despite all his intelligence and service provided to his country, Turing was also openly homosexual and by the early 1950s this fact was of concern to the British government when he was arrested under section 11 of 1885 the law "dirty indecency". At that time there was great fear that Turing's sexuality could be exploited by Soviet spies, and he was therefore sentenced to choose between jail and a synthetic estrogen injection. The latter option took him to a great depression and committed suicide at the age of 41, biting a poisoned apple. It is estimated that an additional 50-75,000 men were persecuted under this law, with only partial retraction in 1967 and its final measure in 2003.
United States
the 18th and 19th centuries
Before the American Civil War and the massive population growth of the Post-Civil War States, the majority of Americans were in rural areas. Homosexuality remained an invisible and taboo concept in society, and the word "homosexuality" was not created until 1868 by Karoly Maria Kertbeny of the German-Hungarian (who advocated decriminalization). During this era, homosexuality falls under the umbrella of "sodomy" which includes all forms of unproductive sexuality (masturbation and oral sex are sometimes excluded). Without urban subculture or a name for self-definition, group identification and self-awareness are not possible.
The mainstream interpretation of Leviticus 20:13, Romans 1: 26-7 and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah are the justification for severe punishment faced by those accused of "sodomy." Much of the law surrounding homosexuality in the colony comes from the English law of "buggery," and the punishment in all American colonies is death. Penalties for sodomy trials (both homosexuality and bestiality) are imprisonment, whiplash, expulsion, or fines. Thomas Jefferson suggested castration as a punishment for sodomy, rape, and polygamy in the proposed revision of Virginia's criminal code near the end of the 18th century.
Pennsylvania was the first country to annul the death penalty for "sodomy" in 1786 and within a generation all other colonies followed (except North and South Carolina that were repealed after the Civil War). Along with the abolition of the death penalty during this generation, legal language shifts away from penalties for more impartial terms such as "unspecified" or "vile" actions. In addition to sodomy and sodomy cases of "sodomy trials" and some public scandals, homosexuality is seen as a tool in the general public. Lesbianism has no legal definition, largely given the Victorian notion of female sexuality.
A survey of sodomy law enforcement during the nineteenth century showed that a significant minority of cases did not specify the sex of the "victim" or the defendant. Most cases are debated as non-consensual or rape. The first prosecution for consensual sex between people of the same sex was not until 1880. In response to increased visibility of alternative gender, gender bending, and homosexuality, a number of laws against vagrancy, public indecency, disorderly conduct, and indecent exposure were introduced throughout United States of America. The law of "Sodomy" also shifted in many countries in the early twentieth century to deal with homosexuality specifically (many countries during the twentieth century made heterosexual anal sex). In some states, this law will apply until they are repealed by the federal government in 2004 with Lawrence's decision.
The ideal man and the 19th century
The identity of homosexuals found its first social footing in the nineteenth century not in sexuality or homoerotica, but in an idealized conception of male friendship that was healthy and loving during the nineteenth century. Or as contemporary writer Theodore Winthrop in Cecil Dreeme writes, "friendships that I consider to be more valuable than female love." These ideals come from and are upheld by male dominated male-dominated institutions, all male colleges, the military, the borders, etc. - a fictional and non-fiction account of passionate male companionship becomes a theme present in American Literature and the social concept of masculinity.
New York, as the largest city in America that grew exponentially during the 19th century (doubled from 1800-20 and again in 1840 to a population of 300,000), saw the beginnings of a homosexual subculture that grew with the population. Continuing the theme of male compassionate friendship, American poet Walt Whitman arrived in New York in 1841. He was immediately attracted to a young working class man found in certain parks, public baths, docks, and several bars and dance halls. He keeps records of men and boys, usually taking down their age, physical characteristics, work, and origins. Spreading in his praise of the city are moments of admiration for men, as in Calamus - a frequent and fast glance offers me strong and athletic love or in Crossing Brooklyn Ferry poetry, where he wrote:
"Called by my closest name to the clear voice of the young people when they see me/approaching or passing by,/Feeling their arms around my neck as I stand, or neglecting to bend their flesh against me as I sit down, I see many people I love on the streets or ferry boats or general meetings, but never tell them a word//, Live in the same life as another, laugh the same, gnaw, sleep,/Play the part that still looks back at the actor or actress,/The same old role, the role we make, as much as we like,/Or as small as we like, or both big and small. "
Sometimes Whitman's writing is very explicit, as in his poetry, Native Moments-- "I share midnight midwives with young men/I choose lowly people for my dear friend He will be lawless, rude, illiterate." Poems like this and Calamus (inspired by valuable Whitman friends and lovers, Fred Vaughan who lived with the Whitman family in the 1850s) and the general theme of male love, served as a pseudonym for homosexuality. A burgeoning sub-community has a coded voice to attract more homosexuals to New York and another growing urban American center. Whitman, however, in 1890 denounced any sexuality in the conspiracy of his works and historians debate whether he was a practicing homosexual, bisexual, etc. But this denial indicates that homosexuality was a public question at the end of the nineteenth century.
Twenty years after Whitman came to New York, Horatio Alger continued the theme of male love in his stories about an independent young Victorian man. He came to New York to escape a public scandal with a young man on Cape Cod who forced him to leave the ministry, in 1866.
The end of the 19th century
We'wha is a relatively modern Ihamana (Two-Spirit) of the Indigenous American Zunians. The anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson, who wrote about We'wha, invited him on a visit to Washington D.C. in 1886 where he met with President Grover Cleveland. He was honored by his tribe for his craftsmanship in weaving and pottery, as well as taking part in rituals and rituals of the community. His life was originally documented by anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson in the late 19th century.
Early 20th century
In 1908, the first American homosexuality defense was published. The Intersexes: A History of Similisexualism as a Problem in Social Life , written by Edward Stevenson under the pseudonym Xavier Mayne. This 600-page defense details classic examples, but also modern literature and homosexual subcultures of urban life. He dedicates the novel to Krafft-Ebing because he believes homosexuality is an inheritance and, in Stevenson's view and not necessarily Krafft-Ebing, should not face prejudice. He also wrote one of the first homosexual novels - Imre: A Memorandum . Also in this era, the earliest open-air homosexual known in the United States, Claude Hartland, wrote the story of his sexual history. He insists that he wrote it to deride its naive surrounding sexuality. It was in response to the ignorance he saw while being treated by doctors and psychologists who failed to "heal" him. Hartland hopes his interest in men can be purely "spiritual," but can not be separated from "animals."
At this time, the community is slowly becoming aware of the homosexual subculture. In a 1898 lecture in Massachusetts, a doctor gave a talk on this development in modern cities. With a population of about three million at the turn of the 20th century, the strange subculture of New York has a strong sense of self-definition and begins to define itself in its own terms. "Strange middle class," "fairy," is one of the underground world terminology of the Lower East Side. But with this ever-increasing public presence, the reaction takes place. The YMCA, which ironically promotes an image similar to Whitman's praise of male brotherhood and athletic strength, took the lead in the campaign of chastity of the time. Anthony Comstock, a YMCA salesman and leader in Connecticut and then the head of his own New York Society for Repression Deputy succeeded in pressuring Congress and many state legislatures to pass strict censorship laws. Ironically, YMCA became a site of homosexual behavior. In 1912, a scandal hit Oregon where more than 50 men, many of which were prominent in the community were arrested for homosexual activity. In reaction to this scandal in defiance of a public campaign, the YMCA leadership began to look at other ways of this behavior.
1920s
The 1920s ushered in a new era of social acceptance of minorities and homosexuals, at least in very urban areas. This is reflected in many films (see Prapping) of this decade openly made reference to homosexuality. Even popular songs make fun of new social acceptance of homosexuality. One of these songs has the title "Female Masculine, Feminine Men." The album was released in 1926 and recorded by many artists on that day and includes the following lyrics:
Homosexuals received a level of acceptance that was not seen again until the 1970s. Until the early 1930s, gay clubs operated openly, commonly known as "sissy clubs". The relative liberalism of this decade is demonstrated by the fact that actor William Haines, regularly referred to in newspapers and magazines as number one attracted the men's box office, openly living in a gay relationship with his girlfriend, Jimmie Shields. Other popular gay actors/actresses in this decade include Alla Nazimova and Ramon Novarro. In 1927, Mae West wrote a play on homosexuality called Drag, and alluded to Karl Heinrich Ulrichs. It was box-office success. The West considers talking about sex as a basic human rights issue, and is also an early supporter of gay rights. With the return of conservatism in the 1930s, the public grew intolerant of homosexuality, and gay actors were forced to choose between retirement or agree to conceal their sexuality.
End of 1930s
By 1935, the United States had become conservative once again. Victorian values ​​and customs, which had been laughed at throughout the 1920s became fashionable once again. During this period, life was rough for homosexuals because they were forced to hide their behavior and identity to avoid ridicule and even imprisonment. Many laws passed against homosexuals during this period and declared a mental illness. Many police forces conduct operations to capture homosexuals by using young undercover police to get them to make propositions to them.
In the 1930s both fruit and fruit cake and many other words were seen as not only negative but also male homosexual, although not universally possible. LGBT people are widely diagnosed because of illness with the potential to be cured, so that it is regularly "treated" with castration, lobotomy, pneumatic nerve surgery, and electrical shock treatment. so transferring the meaning of fruitcake to someone insane, or crazy, may seem rational at the time and many seem to believe that LGBT people are not mentally healthy. In the United States, psychiatric institutions ("psychiatric hospitals") where many of these procedures are done are called fruit cake plants while in 1960 in Australia they were called fruit factories.
World War II
When the US entered World War II in 1941, women were given the opportunity to volunteer for their country and nearly 250,000 women serving in the armed forces, mostly in the Women's Army Corps (WAC), two-thirds of whom were single and underage. twenty-five. The women were recruited with posters showing muscular, short-haired women in tight-fitting uniforms. Many lesbians join WAC to meet other women and to do men's work. Some were rejected for lesbianism, and found that being strong or having a masculine appearance - characteristics associated with homosexual women - were aided in employment as mechanics and motor vehicle operators. A popular Fleiskmann Yeast advertisement shows WAC riding a motorcycle with a headline This is not the time to be weak. Some recruits appeared in their induction wearing men's suits and their hair was combed back with classic butch styles out lesbians back then. Post-war many women including lesbians rejected the opportunity to return to traditional gender roles and help redefine the expectations of communities that feed the women's movement, the Civil Rights Movement and the gay liberation movement. The war effort greatly shifts American culture and with the expansion of representation in the entertainment of both the nuclear family and LGBT. In most members of same-sex services, it is easier to express their interests and find a willing partner for all sexuality.
From 1942 to 1947, the opponents of the World War II conscience in the United States were assigned to psychiatric hospitals under Civilian Civil Service which exposed violations throughout the psychiatric care system and played a role in reforms of the 1940s and 1950s.
Stonewall riot
Although June 28, 1969, the Stonewall riots were generally regarded as the starting point of the modern gay liberation movement, a number of demonstrations and actions took place before that date. These acts, often organized by local homophiles but sometimes spontaneously, addressed attention ranging from anti-gay discrimination in employment and public accommodation to the exclusion of homosexuals from the US military to police harassment to homosexual treatment in revolutionary Cuba. The initial action has been credited with preparing the LGBT community for Stonewall and contributing to the symbolic power of unrest. View: List of LGBT actions in the United States before the Stonewall riots
In the fall of 1959, New York City's Wagner police force began closing down the city's nearly two-dozen gay bars in Manhattan at the start of the year. This crackdown is largely a result of ongoing campaigns by Lee Mortimer's right-wing newspaper columnist Lee Mortimer. The existing gay bar is quickly closed and the new one only lasts in no time. John Lindsay's election in 1965 marked a major change in urban politics, and a new attitude toward the customs began to change the New York social scene. On April 21, 1966, Dick Leitsch, Craig Rodwell president and vice president of the respective New York Mattachine Society and Mattachine activist John Timmons staged Sip-In at Julius' Bar on West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. This resulted in the anti-gay accommodation rules of the NY State Liquor Authority being canceled in subsequent court action. This SLA provision states that it is illegal for homosexuals to gather and be served alcoholic beverages at the bar. An example when this law was enforced was in 1940 when Gloria, a bar that had been closed for such offenses, fought the case in court and lost. Prior to changes in this law, businesses running gay bars should involve paying bribes to the police and the Mafia. As soon as the law was changed, the SLA stopped closing legally licensed gay bars and the bar could no longer be prosecuted for serving gays and lesbians. Mattachine pressed this advantage very quickly and Mayor Lindsay was faced with a police trap problem in a gay bar, so this practice was stopped. On the heels of this victory, the mayor teamed up in getting questions about homosexuality removed from the NYC hiring practice. Police and fire departments rejected the new policy, and refused to cooperate. The result of changes in this law, combined with open social and sexual attitudes in the late 1960s, led to an increase in visibility of gay life in New York. Some licensed gay bars operate in Greenwich Village and Upper West Side, as well as illegal and unlicensed places serving alcohol, such as Stonewall Inn and Snakepit, both in Greenwich Village. The Stonewall riots are a series of violent conflicts between gay men, drag queens, transsexuals, and lesbian butch against police attacks in New York City. The first night of unrest began on Friday, June 27, 1969 at around 1:20 am, when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar operating without state permission in Greenwich Village. Stonewall is considered a turning point for the modern gay rights movement worldwide. The newspaper coverage of the event was small in the city, because, in the 1960s, massive marches and mass unrest had become commonplace and Stonewall's interference was relatively small. It was a memorial one year later, hosted by a boost from Craig Rodwell, owner of the Oscar Wilde Book Shop, which attracted 5,000 protesters at Sixth Avenue New York City, which attracted national publicity and put Stonewall events on historical maps and led the modern pride parade. The period of new liberalism in the late 1960s started a new era of more social acceptance of homosexuality that lasted until the late 1970s. In the 1970s, the popularity of disco music and its culture in many ways made people more accepting of gays and lesbians. Late in 1979, the rise of a new religion led to the conservatism that would reign in the United States during the 1980s and make life once again difficult for LGBT people.
1980s
The 1980s in LGBT history were marked by the emergence of HIV. During the initial period of HIV transmission, the HIV epidemic was generally associated with gay men.
In the 1980s, the renewed conservative movement gave birth to a new anti-gay movement in the United States, especially with the help of Religious Rights (especially Evangelicals). While it is common belief in some circles of the LGBT community that Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush is anti-gay, others believe that this is excessive. Ronald Reagan spoke for gay equivalence as early as 1978, when he came out against Proposition 6, a voting initiative that would fire Californian teachers who "advocated" homosexuality, even off campus. As President, he allocated 5,727 billion dollars from 1982 to 1989 for AIDS research. Socially, Reagan is famous for being homosexual. The story of Robert G. Kaiser on March 18, 1984, Washington Post. "Reagan is also tolerant of homosexual men," Kaiser wrote. "Their interior decorator, Ted Graber, who oversaw the redecoration of the White House, spent one night in the Reagan White House private home with his male lover Archie Case when they came to Washington for the 60th birthday party Nancy Reagan - a fact confirmed for the press by press secretary Mrs. Reagan. "However, in the later part of the decade the general public began to show sympathy and even tolerance toward gays because the number of victims for AIDS-related deaths continues to increase to include heterosexuals as well as cultural icons such as Rock Hudson and Liberace, who also died. from condition. Also, despite the more conservative period, life in general for gays and lesbians is much better than the pre-Stonewall era.
Testifying to improve conditions, a 1991 Wall Street Journal survey found that homosexuals, compared with the average American, were three times more likely to be college graduates, three times more likely to hold professional or managerial positions, with an average salary of $ 30,000 more high than the norm.
School
Several public schools have been opened with a special mission to create a "safe" place for students and LGBT allies, including Harvey Milk High School in New York City, and The Alliance School of Milwaukee. The High School High School Social High School campus is proposed for Chicago, and a number of private schools have also been identified as "gay friendly", such as Elisabeth Irwin High School in New York City.
In 2012, for the first time, two American school districts celebrate the LGBT History Month; Broward County's Florida school district signed a resolution in September to support lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Americans, and then that year the Los Angeles, America's second largest school district, was also signed.
same-sex marriage
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been a growing movement in a number of countries to regard marriage as a right that should be extended to same-sex couples. The legal recognition of the marriage union opens various rights, including social security, taxation, inheritance and other benefits not available to unmarried couples, in the eyes of the law. Restricting legal recognition to opposite sex partners prevents same-sex couples from gaining access to the benefits of marital law. Although certain rights may be replicated by legal means other than marriage (eg, by contracting), many can not, such as inheritance, hospital visits and immigration. Lack of legal recognition also makes it more difficult for same-sex couples to adopt children.
The first country to legalize same-sex marriage was the Netherlands (2001), while the first marriage took place at the city hall of Amsterdam on April 1, 2001. In January 2018, same-sex marriage was nationally legal in twenty-three countries. : Netherlands (2001), Belgium (2003), Spain and Canada (2005), South Africa (2006), Norway and Sweden (2009), Portugal, Iceland and Argentina (2010), Denmark (2012), Brazil, France, Uruguay , New Zealand (2013), United Kingdom (without Northern Ireland - May 22, 2015), Luxembourg (2014), Ireland (2015), Colombia (2016), Finland, Germany, Malta (2017) and Australia, (2018)). In Mexico, same-sex marriage is recognized in all states, but done only in Mexico City, where it becomes effective on March 4, 2010.
Same-sex marriage was effectively passed in the United States on 26 June 2015 after the US Supreme Court ruling at Obergefell v. Hodges . Prior to Obergefell, lower court decisions, state laws and popular referendums have legalized same-sex marriage at a certain level in 38 of the 50 US states, covering about 70% of the US population. The previous federal allowance extended to lawful married couples after the June 2013 Supreme Court ruling in the United States v. Windsor .
Student Group
Since the mid-1970s students in high schools and universities have organized LGBT groups, often called Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA) in their respective schools. These groups form support for LGBT students and to raise awareness of LGBT issues in local communities. In 1990, a group of students named The Other Ten Percentiles (Hebrew: ?????????) was founded by a group of teachers and students at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, becoming the first LGBT organization in Jerusalem. Often, such groups have been banned or forbidden to meet or receive the same recognition as other groups of students. For example, in September 2006, Touro University California briefly attempted to ban GSA schools, which are Touro University's Gay-Straight Alliance. Following student demonstrations and support protests from the American Medical Students Association, the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association and the Vallejo City Council, Touro University recalled the lifting of GSA schools. The University continues to reaffirm its commitment to non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
In April 2016, the GSA Network changed their name from the Gay-Straight Alliance Network to Genders & amp; The Network Sexuality Alliance to be more inclusive and reflect the youth that make up the organization.
Historical study of homosexuality
the 19th and early 20th century
When Heinrich Hoessli and K. H. Ulrichs started their pioneering homosexual pioneer in the late 19th century, they found little in the way of comprehensive historical data, except material from ancient Greece and Islam. Some other information was added by British scholars Richard Burton and Havelock Ellis. In Germany, Albert Moll published a volume containing famous homosexual lists. However, by the end of this century, when the Berlin-Scientific-Humanitarian Committee was formed, it was realized that a comprehensive bibliographic search should be undertaken. The results of this investigation were entered into the volume of Jahrbuch fur sexualle Zwischenstufen and Magnus_Hirschfeld Die Homoexualitat des Mannes and des des Weibes (1914). The Great Depression and the rise of Nazism stopped the study
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