Gairaigo ( ??? ) is Japanese for "loan word" or "word loan ", and show transliteration (or" transvocalization ") into Japanese. In particular, this word usually refers to the Japanese word originating abroad which was not borrowed in ancient times from ancient China or the Middle, but in modern times, mainly from English or from other European languages. This is primarily written in phonetic texts katakana, with some old terms written in Chinese characters (kanji); the latter is known as ateji.
Japanese has many loan words from Chinese, which is the largest part of the language. These words were borrowed during ancient times and written in kanji. The modern Chinese loan word is generally considered gairaigo and is written in katakana, or sometimes written in kanji (either with the word better known as the base text of gloss and katakana referred to as furigana or otherwise); the pronunciation of modern Chinese loan words is generally different from the usual pronunciation of the characters in Japanese.
For a glossary, see Glossary of gairaigo and wasei-eigo.
Video Gairaigo
Source language
The Japanese have a long history of borrowing a foreign language. Has borrowed a foreign language since the end of the fourth century until the last few years. Some of the ancient "gairaigo" words are still used today, but there are also types of words "gairaigo" borrowed today from abroad.
Most, but not all, modern gairaigo comes from English, especially in the post-World War II era (after 1945). Words are taken from English for concepts that do not exist in Japanese, but also for other reasons, such as preference for English terms or fashionability - many gairaigo have Japanese synonyms.
In the past, more gairaigo came from languages ​​other than English. The first period of borrowing a foreign language occurred during the late fourth century AD, when a large number of Chinese characters were adopted. This period can be regarded as one of the most significant histories of "gairaigo", because it was the first time when a written communication system, such as Kanji and Hiragana, was formed.
The first non-Asian countries to have extensive contact with Japan were Portugal and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries, and Japan has several loan terms from Portuguese and Dutch, many of which are still in use. The interaction between Japan and Portugal dates from the late Middle Ages to the early Edo era. (1549-1638). An example of a loan word from the Portuguese language is "Rasha", which means thick wool fabrics indispensable in ancient times, but not often used today. In the Edo era (1603-1853), words from the Dutch language began to have an impact in Japanese such as glass, gas, and alcohol. Also, during the Edo era, many medical words such as Gaze and Neurosis came from German, and many artistic words like rouge and Dessin were from French. Most of Gairaigo since the nineteenth century comes from English.
In the Meiji era (late 19th century to early 20th century), Japan also had extensive contact with Germany, and obtained many loan words from Germany, especially for Western medicine, studied by Japan from Germany. Important examples include arubaito ( ????? , part-time work) (often abbreviated with baito ( ??? ) ) from German Arbeit ("work"), and enerug ? ( ????? , energy) from German Energie . They also obtained some loan words from the French language today.
In modern times, there are some loans from Modern and Modern Chinese, especially to the names of food, and this continues as new foods become popular in Japan; Standard examples include ? ron (?? oolong tea ") and kimuchi (???" kimchi "), respectively, while more specific examples include hoik? r? (???????? "Pork is cooked twice") from China, and bibinba (???? "Bibimbap") from Korea. Chinese words are often represented by Chinese characters, but with katakana gloss to show unusual pronunciation, while Korean words, which no longer regularly use Chinese characters (hanja), are represented in katakana. Sometimes there is ambiguity in the pronunciation of this loan, especially voicing, such as to (?) Vs. do (?) - compares the issue of British Taoist romanization.
Some modern Chinese lending took place in the 17th and 18th centuries, both because of the trade and the Chinese population in Nagasaki, and the wave of newer Buddhist monks, the standard school, whose words come from the language used in Fujian. The more recent Korean loans were influenced both by proximity, and with a large Korean population in Japan from the early 20th century.
With the implications of borrowing a foreign language, in 1889, there were 85 Dutch origin "gairaigo" and 72 of the English "gairaigo" origin listed in the Japanese language dictionary. From 1911 to 1924, 51% of the "gairaigo" listed in the dictionary came from English, and today, 80% to 90% of "gairaigo" is from the UK. There are some loans from Sanskrit as well, especially for religious terms. These words are generally unknown transliterations borrowed from the Chinese language.
- Realized
In some cases, the same or etymologically related words of different languages ​​may be borrowed and sometimes used synonymously or sometimes used clearly.
The most common basic examples are kappu ( ??? , trophy (with handle), mug) from English cup versus previous koppu ( ??? , trophy (without handle), tumbler) from Dutch or Portuguese copop , in where they are used clearly. A more technical example is sorubit? Ru ( ?????? ) (sorbitol english) versus sorubitto ( ????? ) (German Sorbit ), used synonymously.
- Calques
In addition to lending, which adopts meaning and pronunciation, Japan also has a vast pool of heat, where new words are made using existing morphemes to express foreign terms. It generally uses Chinese characters and is known as wasei kango "Chinese-made Japanese words", according to classical compounds in European languages. Many were created in the Meiji period, and this is very common in medical terminology. It is not regarded as gairaigo, because the foreign word itself has not been borrowed, and sometimes the heat and borrow are both used.
Maps Gairaigo
Write
In Japanese written, gairaigo is usually written in katakana . Older loan words are also often written using ateji ( kanji selected for their phonetic value, or sometimes for meaning instead) or hiragana, for example tabako from Portuguese, meaning "tobacco" or "cigarette" can be written ??? ( katakana ), ??? ( hiragana ), or ?? ( kanji for "smoked grass", but still pronounced "tabako" - meaning- ateji ), without any change of meaning. Another older common example is tempura, which is usually written in kanji/kana (mazegaki) mixture as ??? , but also written as ????, ????, ??? (rare kanji) or ??? (general kanji) - here it sounds - ateji, with characters used only for voice values.
Some gairaigo is sometimes written with a single kanji character (chosen for meaning or newly created); consequently, it is considered kun'yomi rather than ateji because a single character is used for meaning rather than for sound and is often written as katakana. An example is p? Ji ( ????? , page) ; see one character loan words for details.
Kognata is wrong and wasei-eigo
There are many causes of confusion in gairaigo : (1) gairaigo are often abbreviated, (2) their meaning may change (either in Japanese or in the original language after borrowing has occurred), 3) many words not borrowed but spelled in Japanese ( wasei-eigo "English made in Japan"), and (4) not all gairaigo are from the language English.
Because of the Japanese pronunciation rules and the phonology of the mora, many words take a lot of time to say. For example, a syllable word in a language like English ( broke ) is often a few syllables when spoken in Japanese (in this case, bur? Ki ( ???? ), numbering four moras). The Japanese language, therefore, contains many abbreviated and contracted words, and there is a strong tendency to shorten the words. This also happens with the words gairaigo . For example, "remote control", when transcribed in Japanese, becomes ream? To the contour? Ru ( ?????????? ), but this is then simplified to be rimokon ( ???? ). For another example, the word transcribed for "department store" is dep? Tomento sutoa ( ?????????? ) but has since been shortened to dep? to ( ???? ). The truncated compound, such as w? Puro ( ???? ) for "word processor", is common. Karaoke ( ???? ), the combination of Japanese words kara "empty" and the cut form, okay , the English loan word "orchestra" (J. ? kesutora ? ???? ), is a truncated compound that has entered English. Japanese usually takes the first part of a foreign word, but in some cases a second syllable is used instead; important examples of English including h? mu ( ??? , from "(railway station) plat-form") and nerushatsu ( ????? , "flan-nel") .
Some Japanese do not know the origin of words in their language, and may assume that all gairaigo words are legitimate English words. For example, can Japanese people use words like t? Ma ( ??? , from German Thema , meaning "topic/theme") in English, or rimokon , did not realize that "remote control" contractions to rimokon occurred in Japan.
Similarly, gairaigo , while making Japan easier to learn for foreign students in some cases, can also cause problems due to independent semantic development. For example, the English "stove", from where sut? Bu ( ???? ) is derived, has many meanings. Americans often use the word as a cooking device, and are thus surprised when the Japanese consider it a space heater (like a wood burning stove). The Japanese term for cooking stoves is another term gairaigo , renji ( ??? ), from English "range"; the gas stove is gasurenji ( ????? ).
In addition, Japanese combines words in an unorthodox way in English. For example, left is a baseball term for a punch that goes beyond the head of the left winger rather than an uneaten meal saved for later feeding. This is a term that seems to be a loan but is actually wasei-eigo .
It is sometimes difficult for Japanese students to distinguish between gairaigo, giseigo and onomatopoeia, and gitaigo (ideophone: words that represent a way action, such as "zigzag" in English - jiguzagu ???? in Japanese), which is also written in Say.
Grammatical function
Gairaigo is generally a noun, which can then be used as a verb by adding an additional verb -suru ( ??? , "to do") . For example, "play football" is translated as ??????? (sakk? o suru).
Some exceptions exist, such as sabo-ru ( ??? , "cut class", from sabotage ) , conjugated as a normal Japanese verb - note the unusual usage of katakana ( ?? ) followed by hiragana (? ). Another example is gugu-ru (???, "to google"), which conjugates as a normal Japanese verb - in which the last syllable is changed to okurigana to allow conjugation.
Gairaigo functions just like morphemes from other sources, and, other than wasei eigo (words or phrases from combining gairaigo ), gairaigo can be combined with Japanese or Chinese morphemes in words and phrases, as in jib? ru ( ???? , local beer) (compare jizake ( ?? , local sake , y? z? mei ( ????? , username) (compare shimei ( ?? , full name) ) or < i> seiseki-appu ( ???? , increase (you) level) .
In some phrases, sometimes there is a preference for using all gairaigo (in katakana) or all kango/wago (in kanji), as in ? ????????? (monthly home) versus ????? (mansurii manshon) ( tsukigime ch? shaj ?, monthly parking), but mixed phrases are common, and can be used interchangeably, as in ????? ? ( tenanto bosh? ) and ????? ( ny kyosha bosh? ), both mean "finding a tenant".
Phonology
Loans have traditionally been pronounced in accordance with Japanese phonology and phonotactics. For example, platform is borrowed as/h? Mu/, because */fo/is not a sound combination that traditionally takes place in Japanese. However, in recent years, some gairaigo are spoken more closely to their original voices, represented by a combination of non-traditional katakana, generally using small or diacritical words to indicate this traditional sound. Compare iyahon ( ???? , "ear-phones") and home ( ???, "smart phone"), where traditional sound is used, and sum? tofon ( ??????? , "smart-phone") , a variant of the last word using traditional sound, where non-traditional combination ?? (fu-o) is used to represent non-traditional sound combinations/fo/. This leads to long words; eg the word "fanfare" is spelled as fanf? re ( ??????? ) , with seven kana, no shorter than the original Roman alphabet (it is possible that it not borrowed from English because "e" is not silent).
Similarly, Japan has traditionally not had any/v/phoneme, but is close to/b/, but today/v/(usually conscious not as [v] but as bilabial [?]) Sometimes used in pronunciation: for example, "violin" can be pronounced either baiorin ( ????? ) or vaiorin ( ?????? ) , with ?? (literally "voiced u" "a") represents/va/.
Another example of Japanese pronunciation transformation is takush? ( ???? ) , where two syllables taxi are three syllables (and four morae, thanks for the length of ? ) because consonants do not occur sequentially in traditional Japanese (with the exception of coda?/? or/n/), and where the [si] sound ("see") English spoken [? i] (which for monoglot speakers of English will sound like "dia") because/si/in Japanese is realized that way.
This change in Japanese phonology after the introduction of foreign words (here primarily from English) can be compared with the early changes in Japanese phonology after the introduction of Chinese loan words, such as closed syllables (CVC, not just CV) and its length into feature phonetics with the development of both long vowels and long consonants - see Early Central Japanese: phonological development.
Due to the difficulties that the Japanese have in distinguishing "l" and "r", this expansion of Japanese phonology has not been expanded to create a different kana for/l/vs./r/. Therefore, words with/l/or/r/can be spelled identically when borrowed into Japanese. One notable exception is due to the fact that the Japanese usually borrow English words in a non-rhotic way, so the syllables "-r" and "-l" remain indistinguishable. For example, "bell" is ?? and "bear" is, rather than being both.
As an in-built English lexicon
English words borrowed into Japanese include many of the most useful English words, including high-frequency vocabulary and academic vocabulary. Thus gairaigo can be a congenital lexicon useful for Japanese English learners.
Gairaigo has been observed to help learn Japanese from ESL vocabulary. With adults, gairaigo helps in the introduction of English words and pronunciation, spelling, listening comprehension, oral and written English retention, and introduction and recall at higher vocabulary levels. In addition, in their written production, Japanese students prefer to use English words that have become gairaigo for those who have not.
Misconceptions
The word arigat? (Japanese for "thank you") sounds similar to the Portuguese word obrigado , which has the same meaning. Given the loan amount from the Portuguese, it may be reasonable to assume that Japan imports the word - which is an accepted explanation and is indeed published by many. However, ggat? not gairaigo ; instead, it stands for arigat? gozaimasu , consisting of the original Japanese adjective inflection arigatai ( ??? ) combined with the verb polite gozaimasu . Any evidence, for example in Man'y? Sh ?, That word arigatai was used several centuries before contact with the Portuguese. This makes both terms false. If the Portuguese word has been borrowed, it will most likely take shape ????? ( oburigado ), or maybe ? rigado (because history afu and ofu collapsed into ? ), and though it might be spelled with ?? as ateji , it will be Apart from starting with o rather than a , and the last o will shorter than the length.
??? ) is gairaigo derived from the English word for "animation", but has been reborrowed by English with the meaning of "Japanese animation". Similarly, puroresu ( ???? ) is derived from "professional wrestling", and has been adopted by Fluent English speakers wrestling as a term for the style of pro wrestling performed in Japan. Kosupure ( ???? ), or cosplay , is formed from the words of the language English "playing costume", refers to costume underwear such as anime, manga, or videogame characters, and is now used with enthusiasm in English and other languages ​​(also using the Western cartoon world).
There are also rare instances of loans from the Indo-European language, which were then borrowed by other Indo-European languages, resulting in a distant language. Examples are ikura ( ??? , salmon egg) , originally borrowed from Russia ???? ( ikra ), and may be far cognate (from the same Indo-European roots) to English "roe" (fish egg), although the only indication is "r" together.
See also
- Cognate
- Glossary of gairaigo and wasei-eigo
- Japanese words derived from Portuguese
- Japanese words from Dutch origin
- Away
- List of English words from Japanese origin
- Japanese Pidgin English
References
- Inline citations
- Source
- http://www.tsu.ac.jp/bulletin/bulletin/pdf/15/087-101.pdf
- http://www.u-bunkyo.ac.jp/center/library/image/kyukiyo9_177-188.pdf
- https://kotobank.jp/word/å¤-æ ¥ 語-43025
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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