Adoption of Japanese adults is a practice in Japan that legally and socially accepts nonconclusive adults into the role of family descendants. The centuries-old practice was developed as a mechanism for families to expand their surnames, land and ancestors without heavy dependence on the bloodline. Still common today, adult adoption is a dynamic tool for social and economic mobility.
There is evidence that this practice began in the early 13th century in a Buddhist sect known as Pure Land Buddhist, but only really became widely used in the Tokugawa period (or Edo), which began around 1600 and lasted until 1868. During the Tokugawa period , most Samurai classes will adopt boys for the purpose of creating a strong permanent position in society through the assumption of positions such as heads of households and business heads. It is also a way for the less-off sons to continue the patrilineal line, and remain a functioning social force. This is the most common goal, but it is also seen by the adopted person as a way to climb the social ladder by abandoning the second son's title, etc. Behind.
Video Japanese adult adoption
History and origins
Although it may have originated earlier, adult adoption is used in the Pure Land Buddhist sect. This Buddhist sect, called Jodo Shinshu, is associated with a Honganji temple located near Kyoto. The children associated with Honganji will be adopted out to be the leading family in the surrounding area. Most likely developed as a strategy to gain strength in the community, but it just happens to have some practical consequences associated with it. When families will find themselves not having male heirs or boys at all, they will turn to adoption by marrying a man with one of their daughters, or just bringing them into their home. This is a way for families to ensure the continuity of a reliable male line that will take over as the head of the family and sometimes the head of the family business.
Adult adoption lost some of its steam during the following years after its use in the 13th century. It really became a general occurrence around 1600 when the Tokugawa period began. Starting from small, mostly used by Samurai class, especially those who do not have an elder or a capable son. Those who want to adopt are encouraged to look into their own big family for suitable candidates, but will adopt outside the family if there is no viable option. Foster children (during the Tokugawa period, especially in the early years) are usually part of the same social circle and income level. From the point of view of adopted children, it is not so much an increase in class position, but rather a way to accept independent life by becoming the eldest son. This does not mean that there is no vertical leap in the social layer by the less wealthy individuals, but that is less common. Adopted, the second son can take over as head of the household, and become a family business leader and leader within the community itself.
The popularity of this practice increased steadily during the Tokugawa period, and soon became a common occurrence among other social groups other than the Samurai. The reason for its popularity among the ruling class has speculated has risen from low birth rates among the rich and important, although there are many other reported reasons or inconsistencies that disprove this explanation. Yet what is known is that it continues to be practiced in modern Japan, although it has become more of a business strategy in certain areas.
Maps Japanese adult adoption
Modern practices
Japan is characterized by one of the highest adoption rates in the world; more than 81,000 laws, domestic adoption brokered in Japan in 2011. Although different types of adoption took place in Japan, the adoption to secure the family heir is the most common. Adoption for safe heirs steadily increased from 73% of all Japanese adoptions in the mid-20th century to more than 98% of all adoptions in 2004. Although this regular adoption may include children or adults, adopted are men who have no children. More than 90% of the 81,000 people adopted in Japan in 2011 were men in their 20s and 30s.
Adult adoption takes many forms in modern Japanese practice. Y? Shi-engumi (adoption of an heir) often requires the adoption of a husband's daughter by her family. Men's son-in-law becomes mukoy? Shi, the adopted husband. Mukoy's Status? Shi is preferred by families who seek strong heirs. Married couples who can not talk to adopt families can also be adopted into the family. Individual adult adoption also occurs, involving single adult males and females. Men and women who do not marry daughters or sons of their adopted families can marry outside the family.
Adoption of one individual with another person in Japan is usually used as an alternative to same-sex marriage, which is not present in Japan. By an older party adopting a younger one (as determined by adoption rules), the property of either party may be inherited or absorbed by another without payment of any unauthorized gift taxes that will apply.
Although this practice has survived, social opinions and widespread adult adoption practices have greatly shifted during the 20th and 21st centuries. In the early 20th century for example, being mukoyi shi considered embarrassing or even castrated. In the absence of strength or capital, a mukoy? Shi can be likened to a bride when she adopts a new surname and adapted to her in-laws. The traditional saying, "As long as you have three grams of rice bran, do not be adopted husband" as an example. Because the usual adoption rate rose at the end of the 20th century, however, and adult adoption became more closely related to family firms and capitalism, adult adoption was evenly distributed to urban and rural areas. Today adult adoption is often viewed as opportunistic and, as a result, has earned a degree of prestige. Sometimes, it's sought.
The practice of marriage between young married women in families with business firms and young men has become a fairly common and profitable practice. Some men now join a dating site specifically created for men who want to be Mukoyi shi, and are adopted by families who need a male successor for their business. One of the most popular was created by Chieko Date and allowed the family to meet prospective applicants for their daughter.
Adoptive kinship
Japan is characterized by a bilateral kinship system including patrilineal and matrilineal elements of hereditary recognition. Succession is largely determined by patrilineal succession through household leadership; leadership is usually passed in accordance with the eldest son of the eldest son to the eldest son. Household leadership typically determines the individual who controls the household and its property, possibly including agriculture or related businesses. Because family interests are deeply rooted as multigenerational companies in Japan, family continuity and household leadership stability take precedence over imbalances. It is common to include some non-kin household members in the household descendants, especially men and descendants who are adopted. Adoption of adulthood, only one solution to the limitations presented by a rigid succession system, ensuring the presence of the head of the household. The Koseki, the family registration system, legally defines the head of the household, whether heads of men or women. Adoption is officially recorded in the family Koseki. Adoption ensures a full legal, ideological, and kinship role as a son or daughter for an adopted person. An adopted adult forgives his family name and lineage and takes his family name and lineage. Every child born to an adopted adult, such as mukoyi shi and his wife, is considered part of the adopted family ancestry. Adults adopted also accept adequate care responsibility from family ancestors according to Buddhist teachings.
Legality for adult adoption
When an adult is adopted into a family in Japan through ordinary adoption (YÃÆ'Â'shi engumi), they are expected to inherit a foster family name instead of inheritance. He is also expected to take the foster family ancestors. The adoption provisions are that families can not adopt more than one recipient if they already have children. If a prospective adoptive family has no children, they can adopt two children. The adopted person must be at least 15 years of age, and must be at least one day younger than the adoptive parent. The average age of adoption today is about 20-30 years. In the case of Mukoyi shi, the husband was adopted by his wife's parents and became head of business. This often happens when the heir only to take over the family business is women. If the adopted person decides to return to his biological family, disappears, or leaves his adoptive family, the adoption can be lawfully dissolved.
Economic impact
In contemporary Japanese society, many Japanese businesses live in the family line because of the ease and prevalence of adult adoption. In the past, merchant families in Western Japan would adopt heirs if biological predecessors were not able to take over the family business. When no son inherits a company or a son is considered too inadequate or unintelligent to take over, the CEO will then move on to adult adoption, adopting a decent employee of the business. This also happens when the original biological heir is not interested in taking over the family business. Successful big family companies like Suzuki make use of this strategy. Suzuki's current CEO, Osamu Suzuki, is the fourth adopted son to lead the company. Suzuki surpasses his own biological heir and names Hirotaka Ono as his successor, because he feels his biological son is less capable. Other well-known companies that use this method are Kikkoman, Canon, Toyota, and Matsui Securities. The oldest family business in the world, HÃ… shi Ryokan, has been passed down through a family name for 1,300 years. If the adopted male heir fails, he can be escaped and released from the family, though very rarely. If this happens, other successors may be adopted, since the first one loses its inheritance.
See also
- Tongyangxi
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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