Japanese name

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Japanese name ( ?????? , Nihonjin no Shimei ) in modern times usually consists of a family name (surname), followed by the given name. More than one given name is generally not used. Japanese names are usually written in kanji , which is a character that usually comes from Chinese but in Japanese. The kanji for names may have various Japanese pronunciation possibilities, so parents may use hiragana or katakana when giving birth name to their newborn child. The names written in hiragana or katakana are phonetic rendering, so it does not have the visual meaning of the names expressed in kanji logografi.

Japanese family names vary widely: according to estimates, there are over 100,000 different family names currently in use in Japan. The three most common family names in Japan are Sat? ( ?? ), Suzuki ( ?? ), and Takahashi ( ?? ). This diversity is in stark contrast to the situation in other countries of the East Asian cultural sphere, reflecting a different history: while Chinese surnames have been used for thousands of years and often reflect the entire clan or adopted from the nobility (with or without any genetic relationship ) and then transferred to Korea and Vietnam through noble names, most modern Japanese family names only in the 19th century, after the Meiji restoration, and chosen according to desire. The recent introduction of the family name has two additional effects: Japanese names became widespread when the country had a very large population (more than 30 million during the early Meiji era - see Demographics of the Japanese Empire) rather than dating to ancient times (population estimates at 1 CE) is 300,000, for example - see Japanese Demographics before the Meiji Restoration), and since the time passes, Japanese names have not suffered significant family name annihilation as has happened in much longer history in China.

Family names occur with varying frequencies in different regions; for example, the name Chinen ( ?? ), Higa ( ?? ), and Shimabukuro ( ?? ) is common in Okinawa but not in other parts of Japan; this is mainly due to the difference between the language and culture of the Yamato and Okinawan people. Many Japanese surnames come from rural landscape features; for example, Ishikawa ( ?? ) means "river stone", Yamamoto ( ?? ) means "mountain base", and Inoue ( < span lang = "ja" title = "Japanese text"> ?? ) means "above the well".

While family names follow relatively consistent rules, the names given are much more diverse in the pronunciation and use of characters. While many common names can be easily spelled or spoken, many parents choose names with unusual characters or pronunciations, and such names can not be spelled or spoken in general unless their spelling and pronunciation are given. Unusual pronunciation has become common, with this trend having increased significantly since the 1990s. For example, popular masculine name ?? traditionally pronounced "Hiroto", but in recent years alternative pronunciations "Haruto", "Yamato", "Taiga", "Sora", "Taito", "Daito", and "Masato" have all been used.

Male names often end with -r? ( ? "son", but also ? "clear, bright"; for example "Ichir?") -ta ( ? "great, thick"; for example "Kenta") or -o (?/?/? "man" such as "Teruo" or "Akio"), or contains ichi ( ? " first [son] ", eg" Ken'ichi "), kazu (also written with ? "first [son]", along with some other possible characters, such as "Kazuhiro"), ji ( "second [son]" or ? "next"; for example " Jir? "), Or dai ( < span lang = "ja" title = "Japanese text">? "great, great"; eg "Daiichi").

Women's names often end in -ko ( ? "child"; eg "Keiko") or -mi ( ? "beauty"; for example "Yumi"). Other popular topics for women's names include -ka ( ? "fragrance, perfume" or ? "flowers"; for example "Reika") and -na ( Japanese language span "> /span>, which means "green" or "apple tree", for example "Haruna").

Video Japanese name

Structure

The majority of Japanese have one family name and one name given no other name, except for the Japanese imperial family, whose members have no surnames. My surname - my? Ji ( ?? or ?? ), test ( ? ) or sei ( ? ) - precedes the given name, called "name" - ( ? mei ) or "lower name" ( ???? shita no namae ). The given name may be referred to as the "lower name" because, in Japanese written vertically, the given name appears under the surname. People with mixed and foreign Japanese descent may have a middle name.

Historically, my? Ji , test and sei have different meaning. Sei was originally a patrilineal family name which is why until now only given by the emperor as a male title. The lower form of the sei name is tei which is a common name in Japanese men, although there is a man in ancient Japan from which the name 'Sei' originally came. There are relatively few sei , and most medieval noble clans trace their lineages either directly to this sei or to the palace of this sei . Test is another name used to designate patrilineal descent, but then merge with my? ji around the same time. My? ji is, simply, what the family chose to call itself, as opposed to the sei given by the emperor. While it is inherited patrilineally on a male ancestor including a male ancestor called an haku (uncle), a person has a certain degree of freedom in changing someone my? Ji . See also Kabane.

Some Japanese characters have the same pronunciation, so some Japanese names have many meanings. A certain kanji can have many meanings and pronunciations. In some names, Japanese characters phonetically "spell" names and have no meaning behind them. Many Japanese personal names use words of words.

Very few names can work either as a surname or as a given name (eg Mayumi ?? , Kaneko ?? , Login ?? , or Arata ? ). Therefore, for those who are familiar with Japanese names, whose names are family names and which are the names given are usually obvious, no matter who order the names presented on. This is so unlikely that two names will be confused, for example, when writing in English when using a naming name given a surname. However, due to various pronunciations and differences in the language, some common family names and names may coincide with Romanized: for example, Shoji ( ??, ??, or ?? ) (given name) and Shoji ( ??, ??, ???, or ?? ) (surname ).

Japanese names have different distinctions from Chinese names through the selection of characters in name and pronunciation. The Japanese can distinguish the Japanese name from the Chinese name by looking at it. Akie Tomozawa, author of "Bilingual Hidden Japan: The Language" Orphans of War "and Their Families After Repatriation From China," says that this is equivalent to how "The Europeans can easily say that the name 'Smith' is English and 'Schmidt' is German or 'Victor' is English or French and 'Vittorio' is Italian. "

Maps Japanese name

Character

Japanese names are usually written in kanji (Chinese characters), although some names use hiragana or even katakana, or a mixture of kanji and kana. While most of the "traditional" names use the kun'yomi (original Japanese) kanji readings, a large number of names and last names are given using the on'yomi kanji (Chinese based) as well. Many use readings that are used only in names (nanori), such as the female name Nozomi ( ? ). The majority of surnames consist of one, two or three kanji characters. There are also a small number of four or five kanji family names, such as Teshigawara ( ???? ), Kutaragi ( ???? ) and Kadenok? ji ( ????? ), but this is very rare. The voice does not, show ownership (like the quotes in English), and corresponds to the character? , often included in the name but not written as separate characters, as in the general name ?? ( i-no-ue, well (possessive)-up/up, over well), or historical figures like Sen no Riky ?.

Most personal names use one, two, or three kanji. The four syllables given are common, especially in the eldest boys.

As mentioned above, the names given by women often end up with the syllable ko , written with kanji meaning "child" ( ? ), or mi , written with kanji meaning" beautiful "( ? ).

The use of -ko ( ? ) has changed significantly over the years: before Restoration Meiji (1868), it was reserved for members of the imperial family. After restoration, it became popular and very common in Taish? and early Sh era? wa. The suffix -ko increased in popularity after the mid-20th century. Around 2006, as residents mimicked the naming habits of popular entertainers, the -co-suffix declined in popularity. At the same time, the names of western origin, written in kana, are becoming increasingly popular for naming girls. In 2004 there was a tendency to use hiragana rather than kanji in naming girls. Molly Hakes, author of The Japanese Book of Everything Conversations: Basic Hints To Speak This Fascinating Language In Every Setting , says that this may have to be done by using hiragana from cultural pride, because hiragana is a native Japanese writing form, or out from not assigning a meaning to a girl's name so that others have no special wishes for her.

Names ending in -ko dropped significantly in popularity in the mid-1980s, but were still given, albeit far less than in the past. Male names sometimes end with a ko as in Mako , but very rarely use kanji ? (most often, if the male name ends in -ko , ends in -hiko , uses kanji ? meaning" boy "). Common male name suffixes are -shi and -o ; names ending in -shi are often adjectives, for example, Atsushi which may mean, for example, "(being) faithful." In the past (before World War II), names written with katakana were common to women, but this trend seems to have lost support. Hiragana's name for women is unusual. Cana's name for boys, especially those written in hiragana, is historically very rare. This may be in part because hiragana scripts are viewed as feminine; in medieval Japan, women are generally not taught kanji and write exclusively in hiragana.

Name can not start with the n ( ? , ? ); this is the same as any other Japanese words, although everyday words can start with ? , as in ??? ( nmai , variant ??? umai , delicious). Some names end in n : Ken's, Shin's and Jun's male names are examples. The syllables n should not be confused with the n consonant, whose name can begin with; for example, the female Naoko ( ?? ) or the Naoya ( ?? ). (The consonants n need to be paired with vowels to form syllables).

One big category of surname can be categorized as the name " -t? ". Kanji ? , which means wisteria , have on'yomi t? (or, with my rendes, d? ). Many Japanese people have surnames that include this kanji as the second character. This is because the Fujiwara clan ( ??? ) names their samurai (my? Ji ) ends with the first character of their name, to indicate their status in an era when commoners are not allowed a surname. Examples include At?, Dan ?, That? (though different ending kanji is also common), Ud?, Et?, End ?, Got ?, Jit ?, Kat ?, Kit ?, Kud ?, Kond ?, Sait ?, Sat ?, Shind ?, Sud ?, Nait ?, Bit ?, And Mut ?. As already mentioned, some of the most common family names are on this list.

Japanese family names usually include characters that refer to place and geographic features.

Difficulty reading the name

Names written in kanji may have more than one general pronunciation, only one true for a particular individual. For example, a family name written in kanji as ??? can be read either T? kairin or Sh? ji . Instead, any name may have some form of writing possible, and again, only one will be true for a particular individual. The characters " ? " when used as the name given by males can be used as a written form for "Hajime," " Hitoshi, "" Ichi-/-ichi "" Kazu-/-kazu, "and many others. The name "Hajime" can be written with one of the following: ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , or ? . Many-to-many correspondences between their names and the way they are written are much more common with a given male name than with a given surname or woman's name, but can be observed in all these categories. The permutations of characters and potential sounds can be very large, as some extremely overloaded sounds can be generated by over 500 different Kanji and some Kanji characters can stand for several dozen voices. This can and does make the Japanese name gathering, pronunciation and romanization a very difficult issue. For this reason, business cards often include pronunciation as furigana, and forms and documents often include spaces to write name readings in kana (usually say).

Some Japanese names, especially surnames, include ancient versions of characters. For example, a very common character shima , an island, can be written as ? or ? than usual ? . Some names also feature very rare kanji, or even kanji that no longer exist in modern Japanese. Japanese people who have such a name tend to compromise by replacing similar or simplified characters. It may be difficult to enter kanji on the computer, as many kanji databases on your computer include only common and frequently used kanji, and many old or largely unused characters are not included. Strange problems occur when parents forget how to write their name on old Kanji that is no longer used.

An example of such a name is Sait ?. There are two common kanji for sai here. The two characters sai have different meanings: ? means "shared" or "parallel", but ? means "to purify". These names can also be written in ancient form, such as ?? and ?? each.

The surname is sometimes written with periphrastic readings, called jukujikun, where the written characters relate indirectly to the spoken name. For example, ???? will usually be read as shigatsu tsuitachi ("April 1"), but as the surname is read watanuki ("no clothing labeled "), as April 1 is the traditional date to switch from winter to summer wear. In the same way ??? will usually be read as kotori asobi ("play little bird") or sh? ch? y? , but read Takanashi , because little birds ( kotori ) are playing ( asobi ) where no ( nashi ) eagle ( taka ).

Most Japanese people and institutions have adopted customs to deal with this issue. Address books, for example, often contain furigana or ruby ​​characters to clarify the pronunciation of names. Japanese citizens are also required to provide a name that is nominated for their passport. The recent use of katakana in Japanese media when referring to Japanese celebrities who have gained international fame has started a fashion among young socialites who are trying to use cosmopolitan talent using the name katakana as a badge of honor. All of these complications are also found in Japanese place names.

Not all names are complicated. Some common names are summarized by the phrase tanakamura ("village in the middle of rice fields"): three kanji: ? ( ta , rice field), ? ( naka , middle) and ? ( mura , village), together in any couple, form a simple and fairly common name: Tanaka, Nakamura, Murata, Nakata (Nakada), Muranaka, Tamura.

Despite these difficulties, there are enough repetitive patterns and names that most of the native Japanese will be able to read almost all the family names they encounter and most personal names.

Some of the most common names with phonetic words include Michio Kaku, which can mean "Drawing a path" or "Leading the way", and Tsutomu Hata, which can mean "Working for a flag (nation)", but Kanji used to write it obscures this meaning.

Rule

The Kanji name in Japan is governed by the Japanese Ministry of Justice regulation regarding the use of kanji in the name. In January 2015, only 843 "kanji names" (jinmeiy? Kanji) and 2,136 "commonly used characters" (j? Y? Kanji) were allowed to be used in private names. This is meant to ensure that names can be easily written and read by those who are literate in Japanese. Rules also govern names that are deemed inappropriate; for example, in 1993 two parents tried to name their child, Akuma ( ?? , which literally means "devil") is forbidden to do so after massive public protests.

Although there are rules about naming children, many ancient characters can still be found in the name of adults, especially those born before the Second World War. Because legal restrictions on the use of such kanji cause inconvenience to those who have such a name and promote the proliferation of identical names, many recent changes have been made to increase rather than reduce the number of kanji allowed to be used in the name. The Sapporo High Court stated that it is unlawful for the government to refuse the registration of the child's name because it contains relatively common kanji characters but is not included in the official list of character names compiled by the Ministry of Justice. Furthermore, the Japanese government announced plans to increase the number of kanji "allowed" in the name.

The use of a space in a particular name (to separate the first and middle names) is not allowed in official documents, since technically speaking, space is not an allowed character. However, space is sometimes used on business cards and in correspondence.

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Customs

In ancient times, people in Japan were considered Emperor's property and their family names reflect the role of the government they serve. The example is? Tomo ( ?? 'helper, companion'). Names will also be given in recognition of outstanding achievements and contributions.

Until the Meiji Restoration, ordinary Japanese people (people other than kuge and samurai) do not have a surname, and if necessary, use a substitute like the name of their birthplace. For example, Ichir? born in Asahi-mura (Asahi village) in Musashi province will say "Ichir? from Asahi-mura from Musashi". Merchants are named after their store or brand (for example, Denbei, owner of Sagamiya, will become Sagamiya Denbei), and farmers are named according to their father (eg, Isuke, whose father is Genbei, will be "Isuke, son of Genbei"). After the Meiji Restoration, the government ordered all the commoners to take their surnames in addition to the names given, as part of modernization and Westernization; this is specified in the Family Register Act of 1898. Many people adopt historical names, others simply make names, choose names through divination, or ask a Shinto or Buddhist priest to choose a family name for them. This explains, in part, the number of family names in Japan, as well as the incredible diversity of spelling and pronunciation, and makes the ancestral search through a very difficult point in Japan.

During the period when a typical parent has several children, it is a common practice to name a boy with a number denoted by r? ( ? , "son"). The first son will be known as "Ichir?", The second as "jir?", And so on. Girls are often named with ko ( ? , "child") at the end name given; this should not be equated with less ordinary male endings hiko ( ? ). Both practices become less common, although many children still have names along these lines.

While some may still believe this, Lafcadio Hearn (see below), at Shadowings , explains that at least in his time (1880 to 1905, the date of publication), his ending -ko ( ? ) there is no part of the name, but the honorable endings like ?? -san . In particular, although the symbol is "child", it means "Lady" and is only used by upper-class women. It would be very silly to apply to middle-class or lower-class women. The same names are used by all classes, but Hana-ko is the upper class, while the lower woman will become O-Hana-san, with honor prefixes and suffixes.

Speak to and others

The manner in which a name is used in a conversation depends on the circumstances and relationship of the speaker with the listener and the name bearer. Usually a surname is used, with the given name largely confined to informal situations and cases where the speaker is older than, superior, or very familiar with the named individual. When speaking with someone, or referring to a member of his outer group, titles such as ?? -san is usually added.

The Japanese often avoid referring to their senior or their boss by name altogether, using only the title: in this family it may be kinship like ??? ? ok? san ("mother"), in that school can ?? sensei ("teacher"), while a company president will be called ?? shach? ("company president").

On the other hand, pronominals means "you" ( ??? anata ?? kimi , ?? omae ) is used quite a bit in Japanese. Using words like that sometimes sounds rude, and people will usually greet each other with names, titles and honors even in face-to-face conversations.

Calling a person's name (surname) without any degree or honor is called yobisute ( ???? ), and can be considered rude even in the most informal and friendly event. This carelessness, however, is ready to be forgiven for strangers.

Nickname

In accordance with the name given there are one or more hypocoristics, affectionate nickname. This is formed by adding the ending -chan ??? to a bar. There are two types of stems. One consists of the full name given. An example of this type is Tar? -chan from Tar? , Kimiko-chan from Kimiko , and Yasunari-chan from Yasunari . Another type of bar is a modified rod derived from the full name given. Examples of such names are: Ta-chan from Tar? , Kii-chan from Kimiko , and Y? -chan from Yasunari . Hypocoristics with modified rods are more intimate than those based on the full name given.

Hypocoristics with modified rods are obtained by adding the -chan to the stem consisting of integral numbers, usually one but sometimes two, feet, where the legs consist of two moras. A mora ?? is a unit whose syllable contains one and two syllable weights. For example, a rod that may come from Tar? is/ta/, consisting of two syllables, and/taa/, which consists of one syllable with long vowels, which produces Taro-chan and T? -chan . The stem which may be derived from Hanako is/is/, with two syllables,/han/, with one syllable closed by consonant, and/haa/, with one syllable with long vowel, yields < i> Hanachan , Hanchan , and H? chan . Segmental content is usually the left substring of the given name. However, in some cases it is obtained by other means, including the use of other readings of the kanji used to write the name. For example, a girl named Megumi can be called Keichan or just Kei , because the characters used to write Megumi , < span> ? , can also be read Kei .

The common Japanese practice of forming abbreviations by combining the first two morae of two words is sometimes applied to the names (usually from celebrities). For example, Takuya Kimura ( , Kimura Takuya ) , a famous Japanese actor and singer, became Kimutaku ( ???? ) . This is sometimes applied even for non-Japanese celebrities: Brad Pitt, whose full name in Japanese is Buraddo Pitto ( ??????? ? ) commonly known as Burapi ( ??? ) , and Jimi Hendrix is ​​abbreviated as Jimihen ( ???? ) . Some Japanese celebrities also take names that combine kanji and katakana, such as Terry Ito ( ????? ) . Another less common method is to duplicate one or two syllables of the person's name, such as the use of "MamiMami" for Mamiko Noto.

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Name of other ethnic groups in Japan

Many ethnic minorities, mostly Koreans and Chinese, who live in Japan adopted the Japanese name. This roots go back to the colonial-era s'shi-kaimei policy, which allowed many Koreans to change their name to Japanese names. Today, ethnic minorities, mostly Koreans, who immigrated to Japan after World War II, took Japanese names, sometimes called graduation names , to facilitate communication and, more importantly, to avoid discrimination. Some of them (for example, Han Chang-Woo, founder and chairman of Maruhan Corp, pronounced Kan Sh? Y? in Japanese) still retain their real names. Sometimes, however, ethnic Chinese and Korean in Japan who choose to leave the Permanent Resident status to apply for Japanese citizenship must change the characters in their name, as not all characters are legally recognized in Japan for naming purposes.

Japanese citizenship usually requires the adoption of Japanese names. In recent decades, the government has allowed individuals to simply adopt a katakana version of their real names when applying for citizenship, as has been done when referring to non-East Asian strangers: National Dietist member Tsurunen Marutei ( < span lang = "ja" title = "Japanese text"> ???? ???? ), originally Martti Turunen , the Finnish , is a famous example. Others translated their names into phonetic-like kanji compounds, such as activist Arudou Debito ( ??? ), an American formerly known as David Aldwinckle (Tsurunen has been adopted the same ???), although the rendering is artificial and will not exist in Japan otherwise. Others have left their real names completely because of traditional Japanese names, such as Lafcadio Hearn (half Anglo-Irish and half Greek), who use the name "Koizumi Yakumo" ( ??? ). At that time, to get Japanese citizenship, it needed to be adopted by Japanese families (in the case of Hearn, it was his wife's family) and took their name.

Individuals born overseas with names given by the West and Japanese surnames are usually named katakana in Western order when referred to in Japanese. Eric Shinseki, for example, is referred to as ???? ???? (Erikku Shinseki). However, sometimes Japanese parents decide to use Japanese orders when mentioning children's names in Japanese. Also, Japanese parents tend to name their children in kanji, hiragana or katakana, especially if it is a Japanese name. Even individuals born in Japan, by Japanese names, may be referred to using katakana, if they have established a residence or career abroad. Yoko Ono, for example, was born in Japan, with the name ?? ?? , and spent the first twenty years of his life there. However, after living abroad for more than fifty years, and basing his career in the United States, Ono is often referred to in the press as ?? ???? , preserving Japanese order in its name (Ono Y? ko), but converting it into katakana.

There are restrictions (in 2001) about the use of the character "v" in the name unless at least one of the parents is from abroad. The closest closest teller is ? (vu), which can be romanized as v or b. This affects the issuance of a Japanese passport or other documentation in which name romanization is given; letter v replaced with b. This affects names like Kevin ( ???? ), which will be written as Kebin.

Japanese Christians traditionally have Christian names other than their real Japanese names. These Christian names are written using katakana, and are adapted to Japanese phonology from their original Latin form rather than borrowed from certain languages ​​like English. Peter, for example, is Petoro ( ??? ), John is Yohane ( ??? ) , Jacob is Yakobu ( ??? ), Martin is Maruchino ( ???? ), Dominic is Dominiko ( ???? ), etc. For most purposes in real life, Christian names are not used; for example, Taro Aso has a Christian name, Francis ( ?????? < i> Furanshisuko ), which is almost unknown.

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Empire name

The Japanese emperor and his family have no surnames for historical reasons, only the names given such as Hirohito ( ?? ), which is almost universally avoided in Japan: Japan prefers to say "Emperor" or "Crown Prince", out of respect and as a measure of modesty.

When children are born into the Imperial family, they receive the standard name given, as well as a special title. For example, the current Emperor was born Tsuga-no-miya Akihito ( ???? ), the title is Tsugu-no-miya ( ?? "Prince Tsugu"), and is referred to as "Prince Tsugu" during his childhood. This title is generally used until the individual becomes the heir to the throne or inherits one of the princes' historical names ( ??? Hitachi-no-miya , ??? Mikasa-no-miya , ??? Akishino-no-miya , etc.).

When a member of the Imperial family becomes a noble or an ordinary person, the emperor gives him a family name. In the medieval era, the family name "Minamoto" is often used. In the modern era, the prince's family name is used. For example, many members of the Imperial family were extended into ordinary people after World War II, and adopted their noble family name, minus the honor of "no-miya" ( ? " Prince "), as a common surname. On the contrary, when a noble or an ordinary person becomes a member of the Imperial family, such as through marriage, the name of his family is lost. An example is Empress Michiko, who is named Michiko Shō da before getting married to Prince Akihito.

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Historical name

The current structure ( surname name given ) did not materialize until the 1870s when the government created a new family registration system.

In feudal Japan, the names reflect the social status of a person, as well as their affiliation with Buddhist orders, Shint ?, Feudatory-military, Confucian-educated, economic, peasant, slave, and imperial.

Prior to feudal times, Japanese clan names were prominent in history: names with no fall into this category. No means from and is similar in use to aristocratic von in German even though the associations are in the opposite order in Japanese, and generally not explicitly written in the style of this name. So, Minamoto no Yoritomo ( ?? ) is Yoritomo ( < span> ?? ) from Minamoto ( ? ) clan. Fujiwara no Kamatari ( ??? ), Ki no Tsurayuki ( ? ), and Taira no Kiyomori ( ? ) is an additional example. These family names are recorded in Shinsen Sh? Jiroku. The ruling class of Ryukyuan uses names composed of Chinese characters, usually consisting of one or two syllables and read in their language, such as Korean and Chinese.

Before the government inaugurated the naming system in 1868, the personal name of Japan changed. Men change their names for various reasons: to show that they have achieved higher social status, to show their loyalty to a home or clan, to show that they have succeeded in becoming head of family or company, to eliminate the misfortune attached to the name not profitable, or just to avoid mistakes for neighbors with similar names. Upper people often change their names after coming of age (genpuku), leaving their childhood names (which often end with a new one) and taking the name of an adult. When nobles and samurai receive promotions in rank, they receive a new name, which may contain syllables or characters from their master's name as a sign of kindness.

Women's personal name changes are rarely recorded, so they may not change their names as often as men, but women who go to service as housemaids or entertainers often change their name during their services. During their work, their temporary name is treated as their legal name. For example, an aide who was involved in legal matters in Kyoto in 1819-1831 signed a legal document as Sayo during one period of work and as Mitsu during the subsequent working period, but he signed as Iwa, possibly his birth name, when he was between occupations.

The Japanese can use one of several names, depending on the occasion. For example, the author, poet, and famous artist of the 18th century Iwase Samuru wrote under the name of Sant? Ky? Den and worked as illustrator by the name of Kitao Masanobu. Artists and authors adopt a new name for each media or form they work in, whether they work professionally or not. Some types of artistic names ( g? [ ? ]) are referenced by specific terminology - eg , haig? or haimei for haiku poets, and kag? for the Waka poet. Scholars also gave themselves a scientific name, which is often the reading of characters from their Japanese names in China. Those who enter religious orders adopt the name of religion.

Death is added to the person's name. When someone dies, their personal name is referred to as imina (? ) and is no longer used. Instead, the person is referred by the posthumous (? , okurina ) .

The personal names of the Japanese emperor are also referred to as imina , even if the emperor is still alive. Before Emperor Jomei, imina the emperors were very long and unused. The number of characters in each name was reduced after the reign of Jomei.

Azana ( ? ), provided in genpuku ( < span lang = "ja" title = "Japanese text"> ?? ), used by others and others using their real names to refer to it. G? is generally named by place or house; for example, Basho, as in the Haiku poet, Matsuo Bash? ( ??? ), named from his home, Bash? -an ( ??? ).

At the end of the Shogunate period, many anti-government activists used some false names to hide their activities from the shogunate. An example is Saidani Umetar? ( ???? ) for Sakamoto Ry? ma ( ??? ), Niibori Matsusuke ( ??? ) for Kido Takayoshi ( ??? ) and Tani Umenosuke ( ? ??? ) for Takasugi Shinsaku ( ??? ). The famous author Kyokutei Bakin ( ??? ) is known to have as many as 33 names.

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Professional name

Actors and actresses in dramatic forms of Western and Japanese, comedians, sumo wrestlers, Western-style professional wrestlers, and traditional craft practitioners often use professional names. Many stage names from television and mediocre actors and film actresses become like ordinary Japanese personal names, but few are tongue-in-cheek. For example, Kamatari Fujiwara ( ??? ) selects the name mentioned above the founder Fujiwara family, while Hino Y? jin ( ??? ) The name sounds like careful with fire (though written differently). Many stand-up comics such as Beat Takeshi and Beat Kiyoshi duo chose a Western name to act, and used their own name (or stage) given. Authors also tend to be clever about their names, eg Edogawa Ranpo which is designed to sound like "Edgar Allan Poe".

Sumo wrestlers take the name of a wrestling called shikona ( ?? or ??? ). While shikona could be the name of the wrestler's own family, most of the top rikishi divisions have a shikona that is different from their surname. A typical shikona consists of two or three kanji, rarely just one or more of three. Often, parts of names come from master wrestlers, place names (such as provincial, river, or sea name), weapon names, items identified with Japanese traditions (such as koto or nishiki), or terms that show superiority. Often, waka shows a wrestler whose father is also sumo; in this case, the meaning is junior . Wrestlers can change their shikona, as Takahanada did when he became Takanohana ( ??? ) and then Takanohana ( ??? ). Another important example is the Sentoryu wrestler, which means against the dragon of war but also homophonous with St. Louis, his hometown.

Geisha and practitioners of traditional craft and art such as pottery, tea ceremony, calligraphy, irezumi (tattoo) and ikebana (flower arranging) often take on a professional name. In many cases, this comes from the master under whom they learn. Kabuki actor takes one of the traditional family names like Nakamura ( ?? ), Band? or Onoe. Some names are inherited successively, like the famous Kabuki Band name? Sightseeing? V ( ??? ???? Godaime Band? Tamasabur ? ) through the naming ceremony.

src: www.nydob.com

Japanese names in English and other Western languages ​​

In English, the names of Japanese who are still alive or newly deceased are generally given last names and without macrons. Historical figures are given a family name first and with macron, if available.

In 2008, when using English and other Western languages ​​the Japanese usually gave their names in reverse order of the traditional Japanese naming order, with the surname after the given name, not the name given after the surname. Beginning in the Meiji Era of Japan, in many English-language publications the naming order of the modern Japanese is reversed into the last sequence of surnames. The Japanese adopted using the Western naming order in European language as part of the Meiji era adoption of the western cultural aspect, as part of proving to the wider world that Japan is a developed country rather than an undeveloped country. When Japanese people attending events for the international community, like balls, the Japanese use western naming orders. Japanese often have abbreviated nicknames with real names, and they use these names with strangers. For example "Kazuyuki" might call himself "Kaz." Some Japanese living abroad use the nickname they use with non-Japanese friends; these names are not considered middle names.

Most foreign publications reverse the names of modern individuals, and most Japanese reverse their names when making ingredients for foreign consumption. An executive or Japanese official usually has two business cards (meishi): one in Japanese and intended for fellow Japanese, using Japanese orders, and the other for foreigners, with names in the Western order. In the publication of popular journalism, the western order is used.

In English many historical figures are still referred to by the surname first. This is particularly the case in the scientific work on Japan. Many scientific papers use Japanese order with Japanese names in general, and scientific papers are more likely to use Japanese command if the author is a Japanese expert. John Power, author of "Japanese name," writes "People who can speak and read Japanese have a strong refusal to change Japanese names to the Western order." The books written by these authors often have a record stating that Japanese names are in their original order. Some books do not have consistent naming practices. Shizuka Saeki from Look Japan said, "It's not just a headache for writers and translators, it's also a source of confusion for readers." Lynne E. Riggs of the Society of Writers, Editor and Translator (SWET), a professional writing organization headquartered in Tokyo, said, "When you publish a book about Japan you publish it to people who want to know about Japan, so they interested in learning something new or something as it should be. "

Edith Terry, author of How Asia Got Rich, says that because the Japanese "master" a "Western game" people have pride and at the same time feel insecure because the "game" is in "Terms Western "is not a" Japanese term. "The standard presentation of Japanese names in English is different from the standard presentation of modern Chinese names and Korean names, since modern Chinese and Korean names are not usually reversed to fit the western order in the language UK, except when the person is living or traveling abroad. Power writes that the difference between Japanese name treatment and Chinese and Korean names often results in confusion. Terry writes, "it is one of the ironies of the late twentieth century that Japan remains stranded on a formal device that underscores its historical quest for equality with the West, while China sets its own terms, in languages ​​like in great-power politics."

Saeki said in 2001 that most Japanese people who write in English use the western order, but some figures began to promote the use of the Japanese order because Japan became the main economic power in the 20th century. The Japanese Style Sheet , a 1998 guide to producing English-language works on Japanese written by SWET, supports the use of Japanese naming arrangements as often as possible because translators want to promote consistency in naming. In 1987, an English textbook publisher in Japan used Japanese orders, while in 2001 six out of eight English textbook publishers in Japan used Japanese orders. In December 2000 the National Language Council of the Ministry of Education recommended that English production begin to use the Japanese naming order because "it is generally desirable that personal names be presented and written in a way that retains their unique form, except for registries and other documents with special standards. "It is recommended to use capitalization (YAMADA Taro) or coma (Yamada, Taro) to clarify which part of the personal name is the surname and which part is named. In a January 2000 poll of the Agency for Cultural Affairs in the preferred sequence of Japanese names in English, 34.9% had preference for Japanese orders, 30.6% had preference for Western orders, and 29.6% had no preference. In 1986, the Japan Foundation decided that they would use Japanese naming commands in all their publications. A spokesman for the Japan Foundation's publishing division said around 2001 that some SWET publications, including popular anglophone newspapers, continue to use the western order. Beginning in 2001, the advertising agency style sheet recommended the use of different styling styles depending on the context. For example, he advocated the use of western commands in publications for readers who were not familiar with Japan, such as an international conference paper.

The Chicago Manual of Style recommends indexing Japanese names according to how the original text treats the name. If the text uses a Western order, the Japanese name is returned and indexed by the surname with a comma. If the text uses a Japanese order, the name is imprinted by a family name without inversion and without a comma.

src: namemeans.net

Japanese name in Chinese

In the Chinese-speaking community, Japanese names are spoken in accordance with Chinese pronunciation of the characters. For example, in Chinese, ?? ?? ( Yamada Tar? ) to be Sh? ntiÃÆ'¡n TÃÆ' ilÃÆ'¡ng , while ?? ??? ( Hatoyama Yukio ) to Ji? sh? n YÃÆ'³ujÃÆ'¬f? . As a result, the Japanese without adequate knowledge of the Chinese would not understand his name when spoken in Chinese. Simply enter the kanji into Mandarin and read it as if it is Chinese also different from the habits of Chinese people who usually approached foreign names with Chinese characters that sound similar.

Sometimes, the Japanese name includes kokuji. Kanji is similar to Chinese characters but comes from Japan and has no Chinese pronunciation. For example, the comu ( ? ) has no Chinese reading. When words like these are encountered, usually the rule " ????, ????? " ("read side if any, read the center if no side ") applies. Therefore, the ? "is read as" rÃÆ'¹ "originating from ? .

Heng Ji, author of "Improving Information Extraction and Translation Using Component Interactions," writes that since Japanese names have "flexible" lengths, it may be difficult for someone to identify Japanese names when reading Chinese texts. In consultation with English subtitles, Chinese readers may have difficulty identifying Japanese names; An example is when the Chinese media thinks that Obama's abnormal Obama's turkey Abe is taken from Abe Lincoln (monosyllabic) for Shinzo Abe (two-sided).

One place where Japanese names can be translated into Chinese is phonetically in Japanese video games, anime, and manga. In May 2016, Nintendo sparked outrage among fans in Hong Kong by announcing that the new games Pokék © © mon , Sun and Moon , will be translated to Mandarin in all parts of China and Taiwan, which means that the names of famous characters like Pikachu no longer have the correct pronunciation when reading in places like Hong Kong and other areas where Mandarin is not the primary language spoken.

See also

• Onomastics

• Amami's name
• Art-name
• Japanese alias
• List of most common Japanese surnames
• Meishi
• Okinawan family name
• Chinese name
• Korean name
• ja: ????????????????
• zh: ????????????

Note

References

• Power, John. "Japanese name." (Archive) The Indexer . June 2008. Volume 26, Issue 2, p. C4-2-C4-8 (7 pages). ISSN 0019-4131. Accession number 502948569. Available at EBSCOHost.
• Terry, Edith. How Asia Gets Rich: Japan, China, and Asian Wonders . M.E. Sharpe, 2002. ISBNÃ, 9780765603562.
• Some material is taken from Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan , an article on "name"

Further reading

• Hoffman, Michael. "What's in the (Japanese) name?" Japan Times . Sunday 11 October 2009.
• "Which name can be found where?" Japan Times . Sunday 11 October 2009.
• Koop, Albert J., Hogitaro Inada. Japanese Names and How to Read 2005 ISBNÃ, 0-7103-1102-8 Kegan Paul International Ltd.
• Nichigai Associates, Inc. ( ??????????? Nichigai Asoshi? Tsu Kabushiki Kaisha ) 1990. Nihon seimei yomifuri jiten ( ????????? "Dictionary of reading Japanese names in Chinese characters"), vol. Sei-no bu (surname) and Mei-no bu (named). Tokyo: Nichigai Associates.
• O'Neill, P.G. Japanese Name 1972 ISBNÃ, 0-8348-0225-2 Weatherhill Inc.
• Plutschow, Herbert. Japanese Name Culture 1995 ISBNÃ, 1-873410-42-5 Routledge/Curzon
• Poser, William J. (1990) "Evidence for Japanese Foot Structures," Language 66.1.78-105. (Explaining the formation of hypokorism and some other types of derivative names.)
• Throndardottir, Solveig. Name Construction in medieval Japan 2004 [1] ISBN 0-939329-02-6 Potboiler Press
• The Writing Society, Edito

  Source of the article : Wikipedia