Members of the Roman Catholic Church through the lobby of Axis officials, the provision of false documents, and the hiding of people in monasteries, monasteries, schools, among families and institutions of the Vatican saved hundreds of thousands of Jews from the Nazi killings during the Disaster. Israeli diplomats and historians Pinchas Lapide estimate the numbers between 700,000 and 860,000, though the figure is contested. The Catholic Church itself faced persecution in Hitler Germany, and the institutional Catholic resistance of Germany to Nazism centered primarily on defending the rights and institutions of the Church itself. Wider resistance tends to be fragmented and led by individual efforts in Germany, but in every country under German occupation, priests play a major role in saving Jews. Helping Jews meet severe penalties and many rescuers and rescuers are killed including St Maximillian Kolbe, Giuseppe Girotti and Bernard Lichtenberg who are sent to Concentration Camp.
In the introduction to the Holocaust, Pope Pius XI and Pius XII preached against racism and war in the encyclicals such as Mit brennender Sorge (1937) and Summi Pontificatus (1939). Pius XI cursed Kristallnacht and rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, saying otherwise there is only "one human race". His successor, Pius XII, used diplomacy to help the Jews, and directed his Church to provide wise help. While the caution of his whole approach has been criticized by some, his 1942 Christmas radio address denounced the killing of "hundreds of thousands" of innocent people on the basis of "nationality or race" and he intervened to try to block the deportation of Nazi Jews in various countries. When the Nazis came for the Italian Jews, about 4715 of the 5715 Jews in Rome found shelter in 150 church institutions, 477 in the Vatican itself and he opened his Castel Gandolfo residence, which took thousands.
Catholic bishops in Germany sometimes speak about human rights issues, but protests against anti-Jewish policies tend to be done through the private lobby of government ministers. After Pius XII's 1943 <§ Mystici corporis Christi the encyclical (condemning the killing of the disabled in the middle of the ongoing Nazi euthanasia program), a joint declaration of German bishops condemned the killing of "helpless and helpless mental defects, incurable, weak and severely wounded, innocent hostages, and prisoners of war and crippled criminals, people of foreign race or descendants ". The priest's resistors are active in rescuing the Jews including martyrs Bernard Lichtenberg and Alfred Delp, and laywoman Gertrud Luckner and Margarete Sommer use Catholic institutions to help German Jews under the protection of Bishops such as Konrad von Preysing.
In Italy, popes lobbied Mussolini against anti-Semitism, while Vatican diplomats, among them Giuseppe Burzio in Slovakia, Fillipo Bernardini in Switzerland and Angelo Roncalli in Turkey saved thousands. Ambassador to Budapest, Angelo Rotta and Bucharest, Andrea Cassulo, has been recognized by Yad Vashem. The Church played an important role in the defense of Jews in Belgium, France and the Netherlands, driven by protests by leaders such as Cardinal Jozef-Ernest van Roey, Archbishop Jules-GÃÆ' © raud SaliÃÆ'¨ge, and Johannes de Jong. From the Vatican office, Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty operates a self-escape operation for the Jews and the Allied runs away. Priests and sisters of the order such as Jesuits, Franciscans and Benedictine hide children in monasteries, monasteries and schools. The Hungarian Social Service Margit Slachta, Sisterhood, saved thousands of people. In Poland, Zegota's unique organization also saved thousands of people and Franciscan Sisters of the Matylda Mothers protects hundreds of Jewish children who escape from the Warsaw Ghetto. In France, Belgium and Italy, the Catholic underground network is very active and saves thousands of Jews, especially in northern Italy where groups such as Assisi Network are active, and in southern France.
Video Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust
Di dalam Kingdom Ketiga
While the Catholic Church in Germany is one of several organizations offering organized systematic resistance to some of the Third Reich's policies; the considerable energy released by the German church in opposing the government's intervention in the church was not publicly matched by protests against anti-Jewish regime policy. According to Ian Kershaw, while "Nazism's hatred overflows inside the Catholic Church", traditional Christian anti-Judaism is "no stronghold" against the Nazi biological antisemitism. The Church in Germany itself faced the Nazi persecution. The German bishops are worried that protests against the anti-Jewish policies of the regime will invite retaliation against Catholics. Such protests are made likely to become private letters to government ministers.
The Church's relationship with the Jews has a history of boxes, involving suspicion and respect. Geoffrey Blainey writes, "Christianity can not escape some indirect mistakes to the Holocaust: Jews and Christians are rivals, sometimes enemies, for long periods of history, and it is traditional for Christians to blame Jewish leaders for the crucifixion of Christ.. At the same time, Christians show devotion and respect, They are conscious of their debt to the Jews, Jesus and all the disciples and all the Gospel writers are the Jewish race.The Christians look at the Old Testament, the book holy of the synagogue, equally holy book for them... ".
Hamerow writes that sympathy for Jews is common among Catholics in the German Resistance, who see both Catholics and Jews as religious minorities exposed to fanaticism on the part of the majority. This sympathy caused some lay resistance and clergy to publicly speak out against the persecution of the Jews, as with the priest who wrote periodically in 1934 that it was the sacred duty of the church to oppose "the sinful pride of sin and the blind hatred of Jew. ". The head of the Catholic Church in Germany, whoever, was generally hesitant to speak specifically on behalf of the Jews. The Church's resistance to the Holocaust in Germany is generally left to fragmented and largely individual effort. German bishops such as Konrad von Preysing and Joseph Frings were the exception to the energy and consistency of their criticism of the government's treatment of the Jews.
Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber earned an early reputation as a critic of the Nazi movement. Immediately after the Nazi takeover, three Advent sermons of 1933, titled Judaism, Christianity and Germany, affirmed the Jewish origins of Christianity, the continuity of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, and the importance of the Christian tradition to Germany. Although Faulhaber's words were carefully framed as a discussion of the historical Judaism, his sermons condemned Nazi extremists calling for the cleansing of the Old Testament as a "great threat" to Christianity: striving to adhere to the central principles of Nazism , "Anti-Semitic fanatics..." Hamerow writes, also undermines "the base of Catholicism, accommodation or agreement is impossible: the cardinal must face the enemy's head. During the 1938 pogrom
Bishop Munster, August von Galen, though a conservative German and nationalist, criticized Nazi racial policies in a sermon in January 1934, and in subsequent homilies spoke against Hitler's theory of German blood purity. When in 1933, the Nazi school superintendent of Munster issued a decree that religious teachings were combined with a discussion of the "demoralizing forces" of the "Israelis", Galen refused, writing that the disorder in the curriculum was a violation of the Reich's concordance. and that he was afraid the children would be confused with "their duty to act with love to all people" and of the historical mission of the Israelites. In 1941, with the Wehrmacht still marching in Moscow, Galen denounced the violation of the Gestapo law and the cruel program of Nazi euthanasia and went so far as to defend the church by talking about the moral dangers of Germany from the regime's violation of human rights: "The right to life, can be inviolable, and freedom is an integral part of any moral social order ", he said - and any government that punishes without trial" undermines its own authority and respects its sovereignty in the conscience of its citizens. " ".
Response to Kristallnacht and increase brutality
On November 11, 1938, following Kristallnacht , Pope Pius XI joined Western leaders in condemning pogroms. In response, the Nazis organized mass demonstrations against Catholics and Jews in Munich, and Bavarian Gauleiter Adolf Wagner stated before 5,000 protesters: "Every speech the Pope makes in Rome is a worldwide Jewish incitement to disrupt Germany". The Nazi masses attacked Cardinal Faulhaber's palace, and destroyed his window. On November 21, in a speech to Catholics in the world, the Pope rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, and asserted that there is only one human race. Robert Ley, the Nazi Labor Secretary declared the following day in Vienna: "No mercy will be tolerated for the Jews, we reject the Pope's statement that there is only one human race: the Jews are parasites." Catholic leaders including Cardinal Schuster of Milan, Cardinal van Roey in Belgium and Cardinal Verdier in Paris supported the papal condemnation of Kristallnacht. In Berlin Cathedral, Fr. Bernhard Lichtenberg concludes every evening service with prayers "for Jews, and poor prisoners in the Concentration camp".
From 1934, the forced sterilization of hereditary diseases had begun in Germany. Based on eugenic theories, he proposed to cleanse the Germans from "unhealthy stocks of breeding" and had taken a further step in 1939, when the regime began its "euthanasia". This was the first of a series of well-known regime's genocide programs, which saw Nazi efforts to eliminate "life unfit for life" from Europe: firstly disabled people, then Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, "subnormal". In the end, the Jews suffered the most in numerical terms, while the Gypsies suffered the greatest proportional loss. The Jews then called the Holocaust tragedy (or Shoah ).
Hitler's order for the Euthanasia T4 Program is September 1, the day Germany invaded Poland. When news of the program spread, the protest grew, until finally, Bishop August von Galen delivered his famous 1941 sermon that denounced the program as "murder". Thousands of copies of sermons are distributed throughout Germany. Galen denounced the regime's violation of human rights: "the right to life, inviolability and freedom is an integral part of any moral social order," he said - and any government that punishes without trial lays down his own authority and respects his sovereignty in the conscience of its citizens ". His words have a deep resonance for the upcoming mass destruction program, and force the underground euthanasia program. Unlike the Nazi euthanasia killing of unfaithful people, led by the church against protests, the Final Solution, the liquidation of Jews did not take place mainly on German soil, but in Polish territory. Awareness of the murder campaign is less widespread. Protests like the Catholic bishops in Germany about anti-Semitic policies of the regime, tend to be private letters to government ministers. But the Church has rejected racial ideology.
The Nazi Concentration Camp was established in 1933, as a political prison, but it was not until the Russian invasion that the death camp was opened, and the techniques learned in the aborted euthanasia program were transported to the East for racial extermination. The process of gas poisoning began in December 1941. During the papacy of Pope John Paul II, the Catholic Church reflects the Holocaust in We Remember: A Reflection on Shoah (1998). The document recognizes the negative history of "the sentiment of distrust and hostility that we have long termed anti-Judaism" of many Christians against the Jews, but distinguishes it from the racial antisemitism of the Nazis:
[T] heories are beginning to emerge that reject the unity of mankind, affirming the diversity of the original race. In the 20th century, National Socialism in Germany used these ideas as a pseudo-scientific basis for the difference between the so-called Nordic-Aryan race and the lesser-regarded race. Furthermore, the extreme form of nationalism increased in Germany by the defeat of 1918 and the demands of conditions demanded by the winners, with the consequence that many saw in the National Socialism a solution to their country's problems and cooperate politically with this movement. The church in Germany responded by condemning racism.
Vatican Diplomacy in Germany
Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) served as the diplomatic representative of Pius XI in Germany (1917-1929) and later as Vatican Secretary of State (1929-1939), during which he delivered several cancellations of the ideology of the Nazi race. As Secretary of State, Pacelli committed 55 protests against Nazi policies, including his "racial ideology". When the newly installed Nazi government began to instigate the anti-antisemitism program, Pope Pius XI, through Cardinal Pacelli, then Vatican Secretary of State, ordered the successor of Papal Nuncio in Berlin, Cesare Orsenigo, to "look into whether and how it is possible to involved "in their help. Orsenigo in general proved to be a bad instrument in this regard, more concerned with the anti-church policies of the Nazis and how this might affect German Catholics, rather than by taking action to help German Jews. In the assessment of the historian Michael Phayer, Orsenigo intervened on behalf of the Jews, but only rarely, and despite his attempts to stop plans to "resettle" Jews married to Christians, directed by the Holy See to protest the persecution The Jews, he did it "shyly".
The 1937 anti-Nazi Encyclical Mit brennender Sorge is a section compiled by Pacelli as Vatican State Minister. It rejected the Nazi racial theories and "so-called racial and blood myths". Pacelli became Pope in 1939, and told Vatican officials that he intended to keep all important diplomatic handling with Germany for himself. He released Summi Pontificatus by speaking of racial equality, and Jew and Gentile. After the Vatican Radio broadcast on June 21, 1943 to Germany speaking for the Yugoslav Jews, Pius XII instructed the nuncio pope to Germany, Cesare Orsenigo to speak directly with Hitler about the persecution of the Jews. Orsenigo later met Hitler in Berchtesgaden, but when the subject of the Jews was resurrected, Hitler reportedly turned his back, and broke the glass on the floor.
German Catholic efforts to save Jews in Germany
Mary Fulbrook writes that when politics reaches the church, Catholics are ready to resist, but that the record is unsuitable and uneven, and that, with the notable exception, "it seems that, for many Germans, obedience to the Christian faith is found to conform to at least a passive agreement in, if not active support for, the Nazi dictatorship ". Cardinal Bertram of Breslau, president of the German Bishops' Conference, developed a protest system that "satisfies the demands of other bishops without disturbing the regime". Stronger resistance by Catholic leaders gradually reaffirms the individual actions of leading church leaders such as Joseph Frings, Konrad von Preysing, August von Galen and Michael von Faulhaber.
Among the most determined and consistent of senior Catholics to oppose the Nazis is Bishop Konrad von Preysing. Preysing was appointed bishop of Berlin in 1935. Suffering was hated by Hitler, who said "the most foul rotten are those who come wearing the cloak of humility and the worst of Count Counting this! Von Preysing opposed Cardinal Bertram's attitude to the Nazis and spoke in public sermons and debated the case for strong opposition at bishops' conferences. He also worked with prominent members of the resistance of Carl Goerdeler and Helmuth James Graf von Moltke. He was part of a five-member commission preparing the papal encyclical Mit brennender Sorge anti-Nazi encyclical of March 1937. In 1938, he became one of the founders of the BischÃÆ'¶flichen Hilfswerk beim Ordinariate Berlin (Office of Welfare Office of the Diocese of Berlin). He paid attention to the baptized and unbaptized Jews who were protesting against the Nazi euthanasia program.
While Bishop von Preysing is protected from Nazi retaliation by his position, the administrator of the cathedral and his confidante Bernard Lichtenberg, no. Fr. Bernard Lichtenberg serves at St. Hedwig's Cathedral from 1932, and was under the supervision of the Gestapo for its courageous support of the prisoners and the Jews. Lichtenberg runs Bishop von Preysing from the Berlin aid unit (Hilfswerke beim BischÃÆ'¶¶flichen Ordinariat Berlin) who secretly helps those who are persecuted by the regime. From pogrom Kristallnacht in November 1938 onwards, Lichtenberg closed every evening worship with prayers for "Jews, and poor prisoners in concentration camps", including "my priests' friends there ". On October 23, 1942, he offered a prayer for the Jews deported to the East, telling his congregation to convey to the Jews Christ's command to "love thy neighbor". To preach against Nazi propaganda and write a protest letter about Nazi euthanasia, he was arrested in 1941, sentenced to two years of forced labor, and died on his way to the Dachau Concentration Camp in 1943. He was later honored by Yad Vashem as a righteous among Nations.
Among the laypeople of Germany, Gertrud Luckner, was one of the first to feel the genocidal tendencies of Hitler's regime and take national action. A pacifist and member of the German Catholic Peace Association, he has supported victims of political persecution since 1933 and from 1938 worked at the headquarters of the Association of German Catholic Charities, "Caritas". Using international contacts he secured safe travels abroad for many refugees. He organized a circle of help for the Jews, helping many people escape. He works with Lichtenberg and Alfred Delp priests. After the outbreak of war, he resumed his work for the Jews through the Caritas help office - trying to build a national underground network through Caritas cells. He personally investigated the fate of the Jews who were transported to the East and managed to obtain information about prisoners in the concentration camps, and obtained clothing, food and money for forced laborers and prisoners of war. Caritas secured safe emigration for hundreds of converted Jews, but Luckner was unable to organize an effective national underground network. He was arrested in 1943 and only escaped death in the concentration camp.
Margarete Sommer was fired from his welfare institution for refusing to teach the Nazi line about sterilization. In 1935, he took a position at the Episcopal Diocese Authority in Berlin, advising victims of racial abuse for Caritas Emergency Relief. In 1941 he became director of the Office of Welfare of the Diocesan Authority of Berlin, under Bernhard Lichtenberg. After Lichtenberg's capture, Sommer reported to Bishop Konrad von Preysing. While working at the Welfare Office, Sommer coordinates Catholic help for victims of racial abuse - providing spiritual comfort, food, clothing, and money. He gathered information about the deportation of the Jews, and living conditions in concentration camps, as well as in the SS firing squads, writing several reports on these topics from 1942, including the August 1942 report reaching Rome under the title "Report on the Exodus of Jews."
Josef Frings became Archbishop of Cologne in 1942. In his sermon, he repeatedly spoke to support those who were persecuted and opposed the state oppression. In March 1944, Frings attacked arbitrary arrest, racial persecution, and forced divorce. That fall, he protested the Gestapo against deportation of the Jews from Cologne and beyond. In 1943, the German bishops debated whether directly facing Hitler collectively on what they knew about the killing of Jews. Frings wrote a pastoral letter that reminds his diocese not to infringe the rights of others who are inherent in life, even those who are "not of our blood" and even during war, and preach in sermons that "no one may take the property or the life of the one who not guilty only because he is a member of a foreign race ".
Maps Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust
Papal
Pius XI and the introduction to the Holocaust
In the 1930s, Pope Pius XI urged Mussolini to ask Hitler to withstand the anti-Semitic action taking place in Germany. In 1937, he issued his Mit brennender Sorge (German: "With the burning attention" ), where he affirming human rights that can not be contested. It was partially written in response to the Nuremberg Law, and condemned racial and racial person theories. It rejected the Nazi racial theories and "so-called racial and blood myths". It denounces "Whoever glorifies the race, or the people, or the State... above their standard value and unites it to the level of idolaters"; talking about divine values ​​apart from "space and race" and the Church for "all races"; and said, "Nothing but a superficial mind can stumble in the concepts of a national God, a national religion, or an attempt to lock within the borders of one person, within the narrow confines of one race, God, the Creator of the universe. The document records on the horizon a "threatening storm cloud" of the religious war of extermination over Germany.
In 1937, Pope Pius XI published the Mit brennender Sorge (German: "with the burning attention" ) of the encyclical. The Pope insists that the human rights can not be disturbed. It was partially written in response to the Nuremberg Law, and condemned racial and racial person theories. The document records on the horizon a "threatening storm cloud" of the religious war of extermination over Germany. Secretary of State Pius XI, Cardinal Pacelli (the future of Pius XII), made about 55 protests against Nazi policies, including his "racial ideology".
After Anschluss and the renewal of antisemit laws in Germany, Jewish refugees sought refuge outside the Reich. In Rome, Pius XI told a group of Belgian pilgrims on September 6, 1938, "It is impossible for Christians to participate in anti-Semitism, spiritually we are Semites." After November Kristallnacht that year, Pius XI condemned the pogrom, sparking a mass demonstration against Catholics and Jews in Munich, where Bavarian Gauleiter Adolf Wagner stated: "Every speech the Pope makes in Rome is a Jewish incitement in the whole world to disrupt Germany ". The Vatican took steps to seek refuge for the Jews. On November 21, in a speech to Catholics in the world, Pius XI rejected the Nazi claim of racial superiority, and asserted that there is only one human race.
Pius XII and war
Pius XII replaced Pius XI on the eve of the war in 1939. He had to use diplomacy to help the victims of the Holocaust, and directed his Church to give secret aid to the Jews. The Encyclics such as Sumat Pontificatus and Mystici corporis spoke against racism - with specific reference to the Jews: "no Gentile or Jew, circumcision or uncircumcision".
Summi Pontificatus
Summi Pontificatus the first pope's encyclical after the Nazi/Soviet invasion of Poland, and repeated the Catholic teaching against racism and anti-Semitism and affirmed the ethical principles of "Revelation on Sinai". Pius repeats the Church's teaching on "the principle of equality" - with specific reference to the Jews: "no Gentile or Jew, circumcision or uncircumcision". The forgetfulness of solidarity "imposed by our common origins and by the equation of rational nature in all human beings" is called "the destructive mistake". Catholics everywhere are called to offer "compassion and help" to the victims of war. The letter also denounced the death of unarmed people. The local bishop is commanded to assist those in need. Pius goes on to create a series of general criticisms of racism and genocide through the course of warfare.
Address Pope's 1942 Christmas
After the Soviet invasion, Nazi Germany began the massacre of industrialized Jews, around the end of 1941/early 1942. Pius XII used diplomacy to help the victims of the Holocaust, and directed his Church to provide secret aid to the Jews. By Christmas 1942, when evidence of a massacre of Jews had arisen, Pius XII voiced concern over the murder of hundreds of thousands of "" imperfect people "because of their" nationality or race "and intervened to try to block the Nazi deportation of Jews in various countries. According to the EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica, he refuses to say more "fear that the public papal condemnation might provoke Hitler's regime to be more brutal against those subject to Nazi terror - as was the case when Dutch bosses publicly protested earlier in the year - the future of the church ". Regardless, the Nazis felt pressure by the papal intervention. The Reich Security Central Office, responsible for Jewish deportation, notes:
"In a way never before known, the Pope has rejected the New European Socialist European Order... Here he almost accuses the German people of injustice against the Jews and makes himself a mouthpiece of the Jewish war criminals"
Italy
In Italy, where the Pope's direct influence is the strongest, under Mussolini, there is no policy of abducting Jews applied in Italy. After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, Nazi forces invaded and occupied most of the country, and began deportation of Jews to extermination camps. Pius XII protested at the diplomatic level, while several thousand Jews found shelter in Catholic networks, institutions and homes throughout Italy - including the Vatican City and Pius Pius Summer Home. Anti-Semitism was not the principle of Italian Fascism, although the Mussolini regime was approaching Hitler. On June 27, 1943, Vatican Radio was reported to have broadcast the pope's command: "He who makes the distinction between Jews and others is unfaithful to God and contrary to God's command." In July 1943, with the Allies advancing from the south, Mussolini was overthrown, and on September 1, the new government approved a ceasefire with the Allies. Germany occupied most of the country, initiating efforts to deport the Jews.
According to Sir Martin Gilbert, when the Nazis came to Rome to look for the Jews, Pius had "a few days earlier... personally ordered the Vatican priests to open sanctuaries from the Vatican City to all" non-Aryans "in need. the day of October 16, a total of 477 Jews have been given shelter in the Vatican and its enclave, while 4,238 others have been given shelter in many monasteries and monasteries in Rome, only 1,015 of 6,730 Jews seized that morning ".
The Pope had helped the Jews in Rome in September, by offering whatever amount of gold was needed for the 50 kilogram ransom that the Nazis demanded. After receiving news of the roundup on the morning of October 16, the Pope immediately instructed Cardinal Secretary of State Cardinal Maglione to protest the German ambassador to the Vatican, Ernst von Weizsacker: "Maglione did that morning, making it clear to the ambassador that the deportation of the people Jews are offensive to the Pope.In urging Weizsacker 'to try to save these innocent people,' Maglione added: 'It is sad for the Holy Father, sad beyond imagination, that here in Rome, under the eyes of the Father, that so many people have to suffer just because they are from a certain race. "" After the meeting, Weizsacker gave the order to stop the arrest.
Pius helps the leading rescue divers. From within the Vatican, and in cooperation with Pius XII, Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, operates a runaway operation for Jews and Allied escapes. In 2012, Ireland's Independent newspaper praised him for saving more than 6,500 people during the war. Pietro Palazzini was the assistant vice-chancellor at the papal seminary during the war, and was remembered by Israel for his efforts to Italian Jews during the war. He hid Michael Tagliacozzo on Vatican properties in 1943 and 1944, when the Nazis gathered Italian Jews and were recognized by Yad Vashem in 1985. Giovanni Ferrofino is credited with rescuing 10,000 Jews. Acting on the secret orders of Pope Pius XII, Ferrofino obtained visas from the Portuguese and Dominican Governments to secure their escape from Europe and shelter in America. Pius provides funds for the Fiume Jewish refugees kept by Giovanni Palatucci and other rescue operations - to Capuchin Pierre-Marie Benoit from Marseille and others. When Archbishop Giovanni Montini (later Pope Paul VI) was offered an award for his rescue work by Israel, he said he was only acting on the orders of Pius XII.
Direct diplomatic intervention
Pius XII allowed the national hierarchy of the Church to assess and respond to their local situation under Nazi rule, but himself established the Vatican Information Service to provide assistance to, and information about, war refugees. He gave his blessing to the establishment of safe houses within the Vatican and in monasteries and monasteries throughout Europe and oversaw covert operations for priests to protect Jews by using false documents - with some Jews making Vatican subjects to save them from the Nazis. Upon the papal instruction, 4,000 Jews were hidden in the monasteries and Italian monasteries, and 2,000 Hungarian Jews gave false documents identifying them as Catholics. Diplomatic representatives Pius lobbied on behalf of Jews throughout Europe, including allied Nazis in Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovakia, Vichy France and elsewhere. The most active papal Napaos in saving the Jewish rescue include Angelo Roncalli (future of Pope John XXIII); and Angelo Rotta, Nuncio to Budapest, which allowed many Jews to survive and be recognized as righteous among the nations by Yad Vashem; and Archbishop Andrea Cassulo, Nuncio in Romania, who appealed to the Antonescu regime to stop the deportation of the Jews, and receive the same honor from Yad Vashem.
Pius protested the deportation of the Slovak Jews to the Bratislava government from 1942. Giuseppe Burzio, Apostolic Delegate to Bratislava, protested against the anti-Semitism and totalitarianism of the Tiso regime.
Pius made direct intervention in Hungary to lobby for an end to Jewish deportation in 1944, and on July 4, Hungarian leader Admiral Horthy told Berlin's representative that the deportation of the Jews must cease, citing protests by the Vatican, the King of Sweden and the Red Cross for his decision. The pro-Nazi and anti-Semit crossbow seized power in October, and the Jewish assassination campaign began. Neutral power leads a major rescue effort and Pius's deputy Angelo Rotta leads in building an "international Ghetto", in which Switzerland, Sweden, Portugal, Spain and the Vatican condemn their symbols, providing shelter for some 25,000 Jews.
Vatican diplomat
Vatican Neutrality through war allowed the Holy See's diplomatic network to continue operating throughout the occupied territories of the Nazi Empire, allowing the re-deployment of intelligence back to Rome, and diplomatic intervention on behalf of the victims of the conflict. Pius's diplomatic representation lobbied on behalf of Jews throughout Europe, including the Nazis allied with Vichy France, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovakia, Germany itself and elsewhere. Many pontifical pop stars played an important role in saving the Jews, among them Giuseppe Burzio, the Vatican ChargÃÆ' Â d'Affaires in Slovakia, Fillipo Bernardini, Nuncio to Switzerland and Angelo Roncalli, nuncio to Turkey. Angelo Rotta, Papal Nuncio wartime to Budapest and Andrea Cassulo, Nuncio Papal to Bucharest has been recognized as Truth among the Nations by Yad Vashem, Israel Holocaust Martyrs 'and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.
- Vichy France
With the Nazi Empire around completely at the end of 1942, the Nazis tried to expand their Jewish group, and the resistance began to spread. In Lyon, Cardinal Gerlier firmly refused to hand over Jewish children taking shelter in Catholic homes, and on September 9, it was reported in London that Vichy's French authority had ordered the arrest of all Catholic priests protecting Jews in an unoccupied zone. Eight Jesuits were arrested for protecting hundreds of children on Jesuit property, and State Minister Pius XII Cardinal Maglione told Ambassador Vichy to the Vatican that "the Vichy government's behavior toward Jews and foreign refugees is a grave offense" of Vichy's own government principles, and "can not be reconciled with the religious feelings often called Marshal Petain in his speech".
- Croatia
Germany, Italy, Bulgaria and Hungary dismembered Yugoslavia in April 1941. In the Italian-controlled territory, Italian authorities protected the Jews from the Nazis, as was the case throughout Italy. Martin Gilbert writes that when negotiations began for the deportation of the Jews from the Italian zone, General Roatta refused unanimously, leading Hitler's envoy, Siegfried Kasche, reported that some of Mussolini's subordinates "seemed to be influenced" by the opposition in the Vatican against German anti-Semitism.
Most of Croatia fell to Croatia's new Independent State, where Ante Paveli? 'S Usta? E mounted in power. Unlike Hitler, Pavelic is pro-Catholic, but their ideology overlaps enough to facilitate cooperation. The Vatican refused official recognition from the new state, but sent a Benedictine abbot, Giuseppe Ramiro Marcone, as an apostolic visitor. Gilbert wrote, "In the Croatian capital, Zagreb, as a result of intervention by [Marcone] on behalf of Jewish partners in mixed marriages, a thousand Croatian Jews survived the war." While Archbishop Zagreb, Aloysius Stepinac, who in 1941 welcomed Croat's independence, "then condemned Croatia's atrocities against Serbs and Jews, and saved a group of Jews in nursing homes."
A number of Croatian Catholic nationalists collaborated on anti-Semitic policies of the regime. Pavelic told Secretary of State Nazi Ribbentrop that, while the lower clerics supported Ustase, the bishops, and especially Stepinac, opposed the movement because of "Vatican international policy". In the Spring of 1942, after meeting with Pius XII in Rome, Stepinac publicly announced that "it is forbidden to destroy Gypsies and Jews because they are said to be of inferior races".
The Apostolic Delegation to Turkey, Angelo Roncalli, saved a number of Croatian Jews - as well as Bulgarian and Hungarian Jews - by assisting their migration to Palestine. Roncalli replaces Pius XII as Pope John XXIII, and always says that he has acted on the orders of Pius XII in his actions to save the Jews.
- Slovakia
Slovakia is a clump of country that Hitler formed when Germany annexed western Czechoslovakia. The small agricultural area has a predominantly Catholic population, and becomes a nominally independent country, with a Catholic priest, Jozef Tiso as President and extremist-nationalist Vojtech Tuka Tuka as Prime Minister. Slovakia, under Tiso and Tuka has the power of more than 90,000 Jews. Like the Nazis, the other major allies, Petain, Mussolini, and Horthy - Tiso do not share the racist hardliners on the Jews held by Hitler and radicals in his own government, but have a more traditional conservative antisemitism. The regime remains very antisemit. Giuseppe Burzio, Apostolic Delegation to Bratislava, protesting against anti-Semitism and the totitarianism of the Tiso regime.
In February 1942, Tiso agreed to begin deportation of Jews and Slovaks to become the first Nazi allies to agree on deportation under the Final Solution framework. Then in 1942, in the midst of Vatican protests as news of the fate of the deported, and German progress to Russia halted, Slovakia became the first Hitler puppet state to close deportation.
Pope Pius XII protested the deportation of the Jewish Slovak to the Bratislava government from 1942. Burzio also lobbied the Slovak government directly. The Vatican summoned the Slovak ambassador twice to ask what happened. This intervention, writes Evans, "caused Tiso, who after all was still a priest in the divine order, had second thoughts about the program". Burzio and others reported to Tiso that Germany was killing deported Jews. Tiso hesitated and then refused to deport the remaining 24,000 Jews from Slovakia. When transportation began again in 1943, Burzio challenged Prime Minister Tuka over the extermination of Slovak Jews. The Vatican condemned the renewal of the deportation on 5 May and the Slovak diocese issued a pastoral letter condemning totalitarianism and anti-Semitism on May 8, 1943. Pius protested that "the Holy See will fail in the Divine Commission which, if not deplored, man in his natural right, especially since these people are of a certain race. "
Mark Mazower writes: "When the Vatican protested, the government responded with disobedience: 'No foreign intervention will stop us on the road to Slovakia's liberation from Jews', said President Tiso. The sad scene in the railroad yard deported by Hlinka guards has prompted public protests, including from prominent church leaders such as Bishop Pavol Jantausch. According to Mazower "Church pressure and public anger resulted in 20,000 Jews being given an exception, effectively bringing deportation there to the end". "Tuka", writes Evans, "was forced to retreat by public protests, especially from the Church, who have now been convinced of the fate awaiting the deportees.Pressure from Germany, including a direct confrontation between Hitler and Tiso on April 22, 1943, remain without effect. "
When in 1943 further deportation rumors appeared, Nuncio Papal in Istanbul, Mgr. Angelo Roncalli (later Pope John XXIII) and Burzio helped galvanize the Holy See to intervene energetically. On April 7, 1943, Burzio challenged Tuka, because of the extermination of Slovak Jews. The Vatican condemned the deportation update on 5 May and the Slovakian episcopate issued a pastoral letter condemning totalitarianism and antisemitism on May 8, 1943. Roncalli saved thousands of Slovak Jews by signing a visa for immigration to Palestine, crediting this work on the orders of Pope Pius XII.
In August 1944, the Slovak National Rebellion rose up against the People's Party regime. German troops were sent to quell the insurgency and with them came the security police assigned to collect the remnants of Slovak Jews. Burzio appealed to Tiso directly at least to Catholic Jews from transport and conveyed a warning from the Pope: "The injustices inflicted by his government are dangerous to the prestige of his country and the enemy will exploit him to discredit priests and Churches around the world."
- Bulgarian
Bulgaria signed an agreement with Hitler in 1941 and reluctantly joined the forces of Poros. Mgr Angelo Roncalli - then Papal Nuncio in Turkey, then Pope John XXIII - was among those who lobbied King Boris to protect the Jewish family. The king effectively thwarted Hitler's plan for the extermination of Bulgarian Jews, and by the end of the war, Bulgaria had a larger Jewish population than before.
In 1943, Pius instructed a Bulgarian representative to take "all necessary steps" to support Bulgarian Jews who faced his deportation and Turkish ambassador, Angelo Roncalli arranging the sending of thousands of children from Bulgaria to Palestine. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church lobbied firmly against the deportation of the Jews, and in March 1943, the King canceled orders to deport them, and freed the detained Jews - an event known in Bulgaria as "the miracle of the Jews".
- Romanian
Andrea Cassulo served as Papal nuncio in Romania during the period of World War II. While the country was never occupied by Nazi Germany, the Marshall Ion Antonescu regime aligned with Hitler, and assisted the Nazi Holocaust.
Cassulo has been honored as Fair among the Nation by Yad Vashem. In his study of the savior of the Jews, Gilbert wrote that, Cassulo "appealed directly to Marshall Antonescu to limit the [Jewish deportation to the Nazi concentration camp] planned for the summer of 1942. His petition was ignored: hundreds of thousands of Romanian Jews were transported to Transnistria."
Angelo Roncalli counseled the Pope of Jewish concentration camp in Transnistria occupied by Romania. The Pope protested against the Romanian government and allowed funds to be sent to camps.
In 1944, Rabbi Chief of Bucharest praised the works of Cassulo and the Pope on behalf of the Romanian Jews: "the generous help of the Holy See... so decisive and fruitful It is not easy for us to find the right words to express warmth and the consolation that we experience because of the pope's highest concern, which offers a great deal to alleviate the suffering of deported Jews - the suffering that has been shown to you by your visit to Transnistria will never forget these important historical facts. "
- Italian
After the Nazi occupation of Italy, when the 15th of October 1943 on the gathering of the Roman Jews reached the Pope, he instructed Cardinal Maglione to protest to the German Ambassador to "save these innocent people". On October 16, the Vatican secured the release of 252 children.
- Hungarian
Hungary joined Axis Powers in 1940. Its leader, Admiral Horthy, later hesitated to support the Nazi alliance. The Nazis occupied Hungary in March 1944, as soon as Horthy, under significant pressure from church and diplomatic community, had stopped the deportation of the Hungarian Jews. In October, they installed the Pro-Nazi Cross-Dictitory Dictatorship.
In 1943, the Hungarian resistor, Margit Slachta, of the Hungarian Sisterhood Social Service, went to Rome to encourage the papacy's action against the Jewish persecution. In Hungary, he has been protecting forced and antisemitic workers who have been persecuted and protested. In 1944, Pius appealed directly to the Hungarian government to stop the deportation of the Jews in Hungary and its ambassador, Angelo Rotta, led the city's rescue scheme in Budapest. The Jews from the Hungarian provinces were destroyed by the Nazis and their fascist Hungarian allies, but many Jews in Budapest were saved by the extraordinary efforts of the diplomatic corps.
Angelo Rotta, Papal Nuncio from 1930, actively protested the Hungarian persecution of Jews, and helped persuade Pope Pius XII to lobby Hungarian leader Admiral Horthy to stop their deportation. Like renowned Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, Rotta became the leader of diplomatic action to protect Hungarian Jews. With the help of the Association of the Hungarian Holy Cross, he issued a protective passport for the Jews and 15,000 survival cards - nunciature protects about 3000 Jews in safe houses. An "International Ghetto" was established, including more than 40 safe houses marked by the Vatican and other national symbols. 25,000 Jews found shelter in these safe houses. Elsewhere in the city, Catholic institutions hid several thousand more Jews.
According to Gilbert, "With the Arrow Cross members killing Jews in the streets of Budapest, Angelo Rotta, the Vatican's senior representative in Budapest, took the lead in building the" International Ghetto ", which consists of several dozen modern apartment buildings where many Jews - - brought to and where Switzerland, Sweden, Portugal, and Spain, and the Vatican, affixed their symbols. "Rotta also received permission from the Vatican to begin issuing letters of protection to converted Jews - and eventually to distribute over 15,000 pieces such a permit, while instructing the drafter not to check the identity of the recipient too closely. A Red Cross official asked Rotta for a previously signed blank identity paper to offer the sick and needy who escaped from Arrow Cross, and was given the document, along with Rotta's blessing. Rotta encouraged Hungarian church leaders to help their "Jewish brothers", and directed Fr Tibor Baranszky to go to a forced march and share immunity letters to as many Jews as possible. Baranszky, executive secretary of the Holy See's Jewish Protection Movement in Hungary, and also respected by Yad Vashem as a Righteous Person to save over 3,000 Jewish souls, acting on the orders of Pope Pius XII.
On 15 November, the Hungarian Government established a "Big Ghetto" for 69,000, while another 30,000 with protective documents went to the International Ghetto. On 19 November 1944, the Vatican joined four other neutral forces - Sweden, Spain, Portugal and Switzerland - in further collective protests to the Hungarian Government calling for the suspension of deportation. The government fulfills, and prohibits "death march" - but Budapest is at that stage near anarchy, and deportation continues from 21 November. The Crusaders continued their violent feast, robbing the international Ghetto and killing Jews, as Soviet troops approached the city. Rotta and Wallenberg are among the few diplomats who live in Budapest. After the Soviet conquest of the city, Wallenberg was captured by the Russians and taken to Moscow, from which he was never freed. Gilbert writes that of the one hundred and fifty thousand Jews who had been in Budapest when the Germans arrived in March 1944, nearly 120,000 survived to liberation - 69,000 from the Big Ghetto, 25,000 in the International Ghetto and 25,000 others hiding in Christian homes and institutions religion across the city.
Pius XII Rating
According to Paul O'Shea, "The Nazis are buzzing the Pope as an international Jewish agent: America and Britain continue to be frustrated because he will not condemn Nazi aggression, and Russia accuses him of being a Fascist and Nazi agent." Pinchas Lapide, a Jewish theologian and Israeli diplomat to Milan on 1960s, estimated at Pope and Jew that Pius "plays a role in saving at least 700,000 but perhaps as many as 860,000 Jews from certain deaths in the Nazi Hand." Some historians, such as Gilbert, have questioned this.
After the death of Pius XII in 1958, Israeli Foreign Minister Golda Meir said: "When the frightening martyrdom comes to our people in the Nazi terror decade, the pope's voice is raised for the victims, the life of our age enriched with a voice speaking of moral truth "The greatest historian of the Holocaust, Sir Martin Gilbert, has said that Pope Pius XII should be declared a" pious infidel "by Yad Vashem. However his insistence on the neutrality of the Vatican and the evasion of Nazi naming as conflict criminals became the basis for contemporary criticism and then from several parties.
Hitler's biographer, John Toland, while Pius's cautious commentary in relation to the persecution of the Jews, concludes that however, "the Church, under the guidance of the Pope, has saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious institutions and rescue organizations combined... ". In 1999, controversial controversial John Cornwell, Hitler's Pope, criticized Pius XII for his actions and slowness during the Holocaust. The EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica describes Cornwell's portrayal of Pius XII as anti-Semitic as lacking "credible substance".
In a special reprimand to the Cornwell moniker, Rabbi and the American historian David Dalin publish Hitler's myth: How Pope Pius XII saved the Jews from Nazi in 2005. He reaffirms earlier reports about Pius who has been the savior of thousands European Jews. Dalin's book also argues that Cornwell and others are liberal Catholics and former Catholics who "exploit the tragedy of the Jews during the Holocaust to foster their own political agendas that force changes to the Catholic Church today" and that Pius XII is responsible for saving lives thousands of Jews.
Susan Zuccotti Under His Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (2000) and Michael Phayer's Catholic and Holocaust Churches, 1930-1965 (2000) and Pius XII , The Holocaust, and the Cold War (2008) provide a more critical analysis, though more scientific than Pius's legacy. Daniel Goldhagen's A Moral Reckoning and David Kerzer The Pope Against the Jews denounces Pius, while Ralph McInery and JosÃÆ'Â © Sanchez write a more nuanced critical judgment of the papacy of Pius XII.
A number of other scholars responded with favorable reports from Pius XII, including Margherita Marchione Sincerity is a Valuable Witness: Memoirs of Jews and Catholics in Wartime Italy (1997),
Episcopal protest
The various bishops protested the Nazi persecution of the Jews.
Netherlands
On July 11, 1942, the Dutch bishops, joining all Christian denominations, sent letters to General Nazi Friedrich Christiansen in protest against the treatment of the Jews. The letter was read in all Catholic churches against the German opposition. It brings attention to the Jewish persecution and asks all Christians to pray for them:
Our time is a time of great tribulation in which the two most important things: the sad destiny of the Jews and the suffering of those deported by forced labor.... We must all be aware of the terrible suffering they must endure, because there is no guilt of their own. We have learned with intense pain from the new disposition imposing on innocent Jews, women and children deporting to foreign lands.... The tremendous suffering caused by these actions to over 10,000 people is an absolute contrast to the doctrine of divine justice and charity.... Let us pray to God and for the intercession of Mary... that he can lend his strength to the people of Israel, so be severely judged in sorrow and persecution
The protests angered the Nazi rulers and the deportation of Jews just increased - including converted Catholics. Many Catholics are involved in strikes and protests against the treatment of Jews, and the Nazis offer to free converts and Jews married to non-Jews if the protest stops. Archbishop Utrecht and other Catholics refused to obey, and the Nazis began the gathering of all Jewish Catholics. About 40,000 Jews were hidden by the Dutch church and 49 priests were killed in the process. Among the Dutch Catholics who were kidnapped in this way was Saint Edith Stein who died at Auchwitz.
French
The French bishops were initially cautious in speaking against the persecution of the Jews. Cardinal Gerlier said that the treatment of the Jews was bad, but did not take effective measures to suppress the Vichy Government.
After the Jewish Velodrom d'Hiver roundup of Jews on July 15, 1942, the northern assembly of the cardinals and archbishops sent a protest letter to PÃÆ'Ã… © tain. With a free press silenced, Charles Lederman, a Jewish Communist, approached the Archbishop of Toulouse, Jules-GÃÆ' Ã… © raud SaliÃÆ'¨ge, to warn public opinion of what had been done against the Jews. He told SaliÃÆ'¨ge about arrest, kidnapping, and deportation. SaliÃÆ'¨ge read his famous Pastoral letter the following Sunday. Other bishops - Monseigneur Thá ©, Bishop Montauban, Monseigneur Delay, Bishop of Marseilles, Cardinal Gerlier, Archbishop of Lyon, Monseigneur Vansteenberghe of Bayonne and Monseigneur Moussaron, Archbishop Albi - also criticized the gathering from the pulpit and through his distribution parish, in contradiction with the Vichy regime. The protests of the bishops were seen by historians as a turning point in the passive response of the Catholic Church in France before.
Archbishop SaliÃÆ'¨ge of Toulouse writes to his parishioners: "Jews are real men and women, not all are permitted to these men and women, against these fathers and mothers, they are part of the human species. etc. A Christian should never forget this ". The words encouraged other scholars such as the Capuchin PÃÆ'¨re Marie-BenoÃÆ'®t monk, who saved many Jews in Marseille and later in Rome where he was known among the Jewish community as "the father of the Jews". Marie-Rose Gineste picked up pastoral letters from Bishop ThÃÆ'Â Â © like Montauban on bicycles to forty parishes, denounced the removal of men and women "treated as beasts", and the French Resistance smuggled the text to London, where it was broadcast to France by the BBC , reaching tens of thousands of homes.
Belgium
Cardinal van Roey, head of the Belgian Catholic Church intervened with authorities to save Jews, and encouraged institutions to help Jewish children. One of his rescue actions is to open a geriatric center where Jews are housed, where the halal Jewish chefs will be asked who can be granted special permission to protect them from deportation.
Croatian
In Croatia, Vatican Apostolic Visitor Giuseppe Marcone, along with Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac of Zagreb pressed Paveli? regime to stop facilitation of race killings. In the Spring of 1942, after meeting with Pius XII in Rome, Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac of Zagreb publicly announced that "it is forbidden to exterminate Gypsies and Jews because they are said to be of inferior races". In July and October 1943, Stepinac denounced the killing of the race in the most explicit terms, and his cancellation was read from the pulpit in Croatia.
When the head of Schutzstaffel Heinrich Himmler visited Zagreb in 1943, indicating that the remaining Jews would come, Stepinac wrote Pavelic that if this happened, he would protest because "the Catholic Church is not afraid of any secular power, whatever it is, when it happens. " to protect basic human values. "When deportation begins, Stepinac and Marcone protest Andrija Artukovic and the Vatican orders Stepinac to save as many Jews as possible during the upcoming roundup.Although Stepinac has personally saved many potential victims, his protest is not much had an effect on Paveli.
Slovakia
Bishop Pavel Gojdic protested the persecution of Slovak Jews. Gojdic was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2001 and recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 2007.
Hungarian
In Hungary, the Vatican and Pontifical Nuncio Angelo Rotta lobbied the Horthy government to protect the Jews in the country, while prominent church figures involved in the rescue of 1944 Hungarian Jews included Bishops Vilmos Apor, Endre Hamvas and ÃÆ' ron Má rton. Primate József Mindszenty issued a public and private protest and was arrested on October 27, 1944.
Following the takeover of the October 1944 Arrow Cross in Hungary, Bishop Vilmos Apor (who has been an active protester against the Jewish persecution), along with other senior scholars including JÃÆ'³zsef Mindszenty, drafted a protest memorandum against the Arrow Cross government. Cardinal JusztiniÃÆ'¡n GyÃÆ'¶rgy SerÃÆ'Ã… © in also spoke out against the Nazi persecution.
Catholic network
Direct action by Catholic institutions saved hundreds of thousands of Jews during the Nazi Holocaust. Priests and sisters of the order such as Jesuits, Franciscans and Benedictine hide children in monasteries, monasteries and schools. In Poland, the unique Zegota organization saved thousands of people, while In France, Belgium and Italy, the underground networks run by Catholic priests and lay people were very active and saved thousands of Jews - mainly in southern France, and in northern Italy.
Dutch
During the Nazi Occupation in the Netherlands, when Jewish deportation began, many were hidden in Catholic areas. The parish priests created a network to hide Jews and parochial knit states that were closely able to hide Jews without being told by neighbors, as happened in the cities. Gilbert writes, "as in every country under German occupation, so in the Netherlands, local priests play a major role in saving the Jews."
Belgium
Dislikes of Germany and Nazism were strong in Belgium, and self-help by Jews was well organized. After the Belgian occupation, the Belgian Catholic Church played an important role in defending the Jews. About 3000 Jews were hidden in Belgian monasteries during the Nazi occupation. 48 Belgian nuns have been honored as Fair among the Nations. Other highly respected people include the Jesuit General Superior, Jean-Baptiste Janssens.
Many Belgian monasteries and monasteries protect the Jewish children, pretending that they are Christians - among them the Franciscan Sisters in Bruges, the Don Bosco Sisters in Courtrai, the Sisters in Santa Maria near Brussels, the Dominican Sisters in Lubbeek and others. Father Joseph Andre of Namur found shelter for about 100 children in the monastery, returning them to the leaders of the Jewish community after the war. Andre was very active in saving Jews, handing his own bed to Jewish refugees, and finding families to hide them, and distributing food and communications between families. He credits with salvation
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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