Arabic numerals , also called Hindu-Arabic numerals , are the ten digits: 0, Ã, 1, Ã, 2, Ã, 3, Ã, 4, Ã, 5, Ã,6, Ã, 7, Ã,8, Ã,9, based on the Hindu-Arabic numerical system, the most common system for symbolic representation of figures in the world today. In this numerical system, the sequence of numbers such as "975" is read as a single digit, using the digit position in order to interpret its value. They are derived from the Hindu-Arabic numerical system developed by Indian mathematicians around 500 AD.
This system was adopted by Arab mathematicians in Baghdad and passed down to the far western Arabs. There is some evidence to suggest that the numbers in their current form are developed from Arabic letters in the Maghreb, the western region of the Arab world. The current form of numbers is expanding in North Africa, differing in form from Arabic Indian and Eastern figures. It was in the town of Bejaia in North Africa, the Italian scholar, Fibonacci, first discovered the numbers; his work is very important in making them known throughout Europe. The use of Arabic numerals spread throughout the world through European trade, books, and colonialism.
The term Arabic is ambiguous. It most often refers to figures that are widely used in Europe and America; to avoid confusion, Unicode calls this European digits . Arabic is also the European name for the whole family of numbers related to Arabic and Indian numerals. It may also be meant to mean the numbers used by the Arabs, which in this case usually refers to the East Arabic numerals. It would be more appropriate to refer to the Arabic number system , where the value of the digit in the amount depends on its position.
Although the phrase "Arabic numerals" is often capitalized, it is sometimes written in small letters: for example, in an entry in the Oxford English Dictionary , which helps distinguish it from "Arabic numerals" as Arabic East Figures specifically for Arabs.
Video Arabic numerals
Histori
Origins
The zero-decimal Hindu-Arabic numerical system was developed in India around 700 AD. The development is gradual, spanning several centuries, but a decisive step may be provided by the formulation of Brahmagupta zero as a number in AD 628. The system is revolutionary by entering zero in positional notation, thus limiting the number of individual digits to ten. This is considered an important milestone in the development of mathematics. One can distinguish between this position's system , which is identical throughout the family, and the correct flying machine is used for numerical writing, which varies regionally.
The most commonly used flying machine along with Latin script from the beginning of modern times is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . The first universally accepted inscriptions containing the use of glyphs 0 in India were first recorded in the 9th century, in an inscription in Gwalior in Central India dated 870. Many Indian documents about copper plates exist, with the same symbols for zero in them. , dates back as far back as the 6th century, but their dates are uncertain. Inscriptions in Indonesia and Cambodia dated to 683 AD have also been found.
The system of numbers is known to be known by the Baghdad palace, where mathematicians such as Persia Al-Khwarizmi, whose book On Counting with Hindu Numbers were written about 825 in Arabic, and the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi wrote four volumes, About Usage of Indian Numbers (Keti fi Isti'mal al-'Adad al-Hindi ) around 830, propagating it in the Arab World. Their work is basically responsible for the spread of Indian counting systems in the Middle East and West.
In the 10th century, Middle Eastern mathematicians expanded the decimal number system to include fractions, as noted in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952-953. Decimal decimal notation was introduced by Sind ibn Ali, who also wrote the earliest leaflets on Arabic numerals.
A typical Western Arabian variant of the symbols began to appear around the 10th century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus (sometimes called Popular myths
Some popular myths argue that the original forms of these symbols show their numerical value through a number of angles they contain, but there is no evidence of their origin.
Adoption in Europe
In 825 Al-Khw? Rizm? wrote a treatise in Arabic, On the Count with Hindu Numbers , which survived only as a 12th century Latin translation, Algoritmi de numero Indorum . Algoritmi , translator translator from the author's name, generates the word algorithm .
The first mention of the numbers in the West is found in Codex Vigilanus of 976.
From the 980s, Gerbert of Aurillac (later, Pope Sylvester II) used his position to spread knowledge of the figures in Europe. Gerbert studied in Barcelona in his youth. He is known to have requested a mathematical treatise on astrolabe from Lupitus Barcelona after he returned to France.
Leonardo Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa), a mathematician born in the Republic of Pisa who has studied at BÃÆ'Â Ã… © jaÃÆ'¯a (Bougie), Algeria, promotes the Indian number system in Europe with his 1202 book Abaca:
When my father, who had been appointed by his country as a public notary at customs in Bugia who acted for Pisan merchants, went there, in charge, he called me to him when I was little, and had eyes for future use and comfort, desired I live there and receive instruction in accounting school. There, when I was introduced to the art of nine symbols of India through extraordinary teaching, knowledge of art delighted me above all and I began to understand it.
The numbers are arranged with the lowest value digits to the right, with a higher value position added to the left. This arrangement was adopted identically into figures as used in Europe. Languages ​​written in the Latin alphabet run from left to right, unlike the language written in the Arabic alphabet. Therefore, from the reader's point of view, the numbers in Western texts are written with the highest strength of the first base while the numbers in the Arabic texts are written with the lowest strength of the first base.
The reason why the digits are better known as "Arabic numbers" in Europe and America is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabic speakers of North Africa, who then used the digits from Libya to Morocco. The Arabs, on the other hand, call the system "Hindu numbers", referring to their origin in India. This is not to be confused with what the Arabs call the "Hindi number", the East Arabic number (? ? - ? - ? ? - ? ? - ? ? - ? ? - ? ? - ? ? - ? ?) is used in the Middle East, or one of the numbers currently used in Indian languages ​​(eg Devanagari: ?................?.? ).
The acceptance of European figures was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became widely known during the 15th century. The earliest evidence of its use in England includes: the same hour of quartum hour from 1396, in England, 1445 inscriptions in the tower of Heathfield Church, Sussex; the 1448 inscription at the wooden gate of Bray Church, Berkshire; and the 1487 inscription on the door of the bell tower hanging in the church of Piddletrenthide, Dorset; and in Scotland a 1470 inscription at the first Earl of Huntly tomb at Elgin Cathedral. (See GF Hill, Development of Arabic Numbers in Europe for more examples.) In central Europe, the Hungarian King Ladislaus the Posthumous, began the use of Arabic numerals, which appeared for the first time in the 1456 royal documents. mid-16th century, they were used generally in most of Europe. The Roman numerals are still used primarily for the Anno Domini notation of the year, and for numbers on the wall clock.
Today, Roman numerals are still used for list enumeration (as an alternative to alphabet enumeration), for successive volumes, to distinguish kings or family members with the same first name, and (in lowercase) to page numbers in the book preparation material.
Adoption in Russia
The Cyrillic number is a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, used by Southern Slavic and Eastern societies. This system was used in Russia at the end of the 18th century when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals.
Adoption in China
Arabic numerals were introduced to China during the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) by the Hui Muslims. At the beginning of the 17th century, European-style Arabic figures were introduced by Spanish and Portuguese Jesuits.
Maps Arabic numerals
Evolution of the symbol
The number system used, known as an algorism, is a positional decimal notation. Various sets of symbols are used to represent numbers in Hindu-Arabic numerical systems, potentially including symbols that evolved from Brahmi numbers, and independently-developed symbols. The symbols used to represent the system have been split into various typographic variants since the Middle Ages:
- Widespread Arabic Arabic numerals used in Latin script, in the table below labeled Europe , are derived from Western Arabic numbers developed in al-Andalus (AndalucÃÆ'a, Spain) and Maghreb. The Spanish scholars, due to their constant geographical proximity, trade, and war with Muslim empires in Southern Spain, saw the potential in the simplicity of Arabic numerals, and decided to adopt the symbols, and then other Europeans followed. There are two typography styles for translating European numbers, known as line numbers and text numbers.
- Arabic -Ind or Arabic Arabic, used with Arabic inscriptions, developed especially in what is now Iraq. The Eastern Arabic numerical variants used in Persian and Urdu are shown below as East Arabic-Indic.
- Devanagari figures used with Devanagari and related variants are grouped as Indian numerals.
The evolution of early European figures is shown here in a table made by French scholar Jean-ÃÆ' â € ° tienne Montucla in his book Histoire de la Mathematique , published in 1757:
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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