Baby farming refers to the historical practice of receiving baby custody or children in exchange for payment in the late Victorian Era of England and, more rarely, in Australia and the United States. If the baby is young, this usually includes wet breast feeding (breastfeeding by non-mother). Some baby farmers "adopt" children for lump-sum payments, while others take care of babies for regular payments.
Video Baby farming
Description
Although baby babies are paid in the sense that care will be provided, the term "baby peasant" is used as an insult, and inappropriate treatment is usually implied. The common social stigma and stigma usually encourage a mother's decision to include her children "to the nurse" with a baby farmer, but baby farming also includes parenting and adoption in the period before they are governed by English law.
Richer women will also place their babies for treatment in villagers' homes. Claire Tomalin gives a detailed report on this in the Jane Austen biography, which was built this way, as did all her siblings, from a few months until they were toddlers. Tomalin emphasizes this emotional distance created.
Especially in the case of lump-sum adoption, it is more beneficial for baby babies if the adopted baby or child dies, because small payments can not cover child care for a long time. Some baby farmers adopt many children and then ignore them or kill them instantly (see infanticide). Some are tried for murder, massacres, or criminal neglect and hanged. Margaret Waters (executed 1870) and Amelia Dyer (executed 1896) were two famous British peasant children, such as Amelia Sach and Annie Walters (executed 1903). The last baby rancher to be executed in England is Rhoda Willis, who was hanged in Wales in 1907.
The only woman to be executed in New Zealand, Minnie Dean, is a baby farmer. In Scandinavia there is a euphemism for this activity: " ÃÆ'¤nglamakerska " (Sweden, including Hilda Nilsson) and " englemagerske " (Danish), both of which literally mean female "maker angels ".
Maps Baby farming
Decline
The secret investigation of infant ranches, reported in 1870 in a letter to the Times, concludes that "My belief is that children are being killed by these women, the adoption is just a good sentence for a slow or sudden death."
Encouraged by a series of articles appearing in the British Medical Journal in 1867, the British Royal Parliament began to regulate infant farming in 1872 with the passage of the Infant Life Protection Law.
Athelstan Braxton Hicks, the coroner in London, gave evidence in 1896 about the dangers of infant farming against the Select Committee on the Infant Life Protection Act. One of the cases he mentioned was Ny's case. Arnold has been 'sweating' legally by doing it one by one. On another examination, the jury is "the opinion that there is negligence in this case" but can not allocate responsibility. They add motorists that "the jury strongly argues that further legislation in what is commonly known as infant husbandry cases is indispensable, and especially that the necessary legislation should be extended only to the care of one infant only, and that the infant's age should not be limited to one year, but more to five years and it should be a violation for anyone who cares for such a baby to that sub-farm. "
The 1897 Child Life Protection Act ultimately empowers local authorities to control the registration of nurses responsible for more than one baby under the age of five for a period of more than 48 hours. Under the Children's Act of 1908, "no baby can be kept in a house so improper and overcrowded to endanger his health, and no infant can be kept by improper nurses who threaten, ignoring or abusing , proper care and maintenance. "
A series of measures adopted over the next seventy years, including the Children Act of 1908 and the 1939 Children Adoption Act (Act), gradually place adoption and nurturance under the protection and regulation of the state.
In popular culture
- The title character at Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist spent his first years on "baby ranch."
- The eponymous character placed the baby "out for breastfeeding" with a baby farmer at George Moore's Esther Waters (1894).
- The main character in Perfume , Jean-Baptiste Grenouille, became an orphan shortly after birth and raised in a farmer-style orphanage.
- Mrs. Sucksby's character in Sarah Waters's novel Fingersmith is a baby farmer.
- In opera Gilbert and Sullivan H.M.S. Pinafore , the Buttercup character reveals that, when a baby farmer, he has replaced two babies from different social classes. This is part of the satirical class hierarchy in Victorian England.
- Mammy's Baby Book by Gary Crew is the story of a baby farmer boy in the 1890s.
- The silent movie Crow (1926) with Mary Pickford was set on a baby ranch in the South bog.
- In the Easter Comedy movie, Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949) set in 1900, the executioner Mr. Elliott said "Go to Manchester on Monday... a poison Baby-farmer at Holloway this morning."
- In the Fire Thief's novel trilogy, the infant farm figure stands out.
- Australian Musical The Hatpin features a mother's experience with baby peasants and is inspired by the true story of Amber Murray and the Makin family.
- Australian poet Judith Rodriguez has written a series of poems based on baby farmers in Melbourne, Frances Knorr at The Hanging of Minnie Thwaites .
- BBC TV soap operas EastEnders feature an evil character named Babe Smith, who is exposed as a baby rancher along with Queenie Trott. It was revealed that while at Ramsgate, they took young pregnant women and sold their babies to the highest bidder.
- In the March 2013 episode of Haunted Syfy Collector, John Zaffis and his team found that Boston cigar bars were used for baby farms in the 1870s. Ms Elwood, who runs the farm, was found to have abused and even killed some babies there. They also found a syringe planted on a building foundation that originated from the same time frame. Debbie Terranova's novel Baby Farm is about forced adoption in the 1960s to the 1970s in Australia.
References
External links
- Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baby-Farming". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). Cambridge University Press.
- "Baby farming" from Adoption History Project
- Homrighaus, Ruth Ellen. Baby Farming: Unofficial Kids Care in England, 1860-1943. Ph.D. diss., 2003. Rev. ed., 2010, at Historytools.
- Baby farmer (NZHistory.net.nz)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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