The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) is an agency within the US Department of State that manages more than 247.3 million acres (1,001,000 km 2 ) of public land in the United States, which is one-eighth of the country's land. President Harry S. Truman created the BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies: the General Land Office and the Pastoral Service. The agency manages the federal government of nearly 700 million hectares (2,800,000 km 2 ) of estate underground minerals located underground federal, state and private disconnected from their surface rights by the Homestead Act in 1862. Most public land BLMs are located in 12 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
The BLM mission is "to maintain the health, diversity, and productivity of public land for use and enjoyment of present and future generations." The ownership of BLM was initially described as "no one wants the land" because the residents of the house have passed them. All the same, breeders have nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing at 155 million hectares (630,000 km 2 ) from public land BLM. The agency manages 221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and about 636 other protected areas as part of the National Landscape Conservation System - now known as the National Conservation Landscape, totaling approximately 36 million hectares (150,000 km 2 ). In addition, the National Conservation Area covers nearly 2,400 miles from the Wild and Beautiful Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles from the National Hiking and Historic Trail. There are over 63,000 oil and gas wells on BLM public land. Total leased energy generated about $ 5.4 billion in 2013, the amount shared between the finance department, state, and Native American groups.
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Histori
The BLM roots go back to the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. This law is provided for surveying and settlement of land that previously 13 colonies were handed over to the federal government after the American Revolution. Because additional land was acquired by the United States from Spain, France and other countries, the United States Congress directed them to be explored, surveyed and provided for settlement. During the Revolutionary War, the land of military gift was promised to soldiers fighting for colonies. After the war, the Paris Treaty of 1783, signed by the United States, Britain, France and Spain, surrendered territory to the United States. In the 1780s, other countries abandoned their own claims to land in modern Ohio. At this time, the United States needs revenues to function. Land is sold so the government will have money to survive. To sell the land, a survey needs to be done. The Land Ordinance of 1785 ordered a geographer to oversee this work as did a group of surveyors. The first years of the survey were completed by trial and error; once the Ohio region has been surveyed, a modern public land survey system has been developed. In 1812, Congress established the Public Land Office as part of the Treasury Department to oversee the disposition of this federal land. In the early 1800s, the promised land claim claim was finally fulfilled.
Over the years, other land laws and homesteads have been imposed to dispose of federal lands. There are different types of patents. These include cash, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrant, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state elections, marshes, city sites and many cities. A system of local land offices is scattered throughout the territory, patenting the land surveyed through the Surveyor General's Office in relation to a particular area. This pattern gradually spread throughout the United States. The law that spurred this system with the exception of the General Mining Law of 1872 and the 1877 Desert Land Act has since been revoked or replaced.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Congress took additional steps to recognize the value of assets on public lands and directing the Executive Branch to manage activities on the remaining public land. The 1920 Mineral Leasing Act permits the leasing, exploration and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas and sodium to take place on public lands. The Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 established the United States Pastoral Service to manage the common domain by establishing an advisory board that established grazing fees. The Deforestated Forest Management Act of Oregon and California in 1937, commonly referred to as the O & amp; C, requires the management of sustainable yields from forests in western Oregon.
In 1946, the Shepherding Service was merged with the General Land Office to establish the Land Management Bureau within the Ministry of Home Affairs. It will take several years for this new institution to integrate and reorganize. Ultimately, the Bureau of Land Management became less focused on land disposal and more focused on long-term management and land conservation. The agency achieved its present form by combining offices in western countries and creating an office suited for land in the east and along the Mississippi River. As a matter of course, BLM's emphasis falls on activities in western countries because most of the mining, land selling, and federal areas lie west of the Mississippi.
BLM personnel in the field are usually oriented to local interests, while bureau management in Washington is led by the president's guidance. Through the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, Congress created a more integrated mission of the bureau and recognized the value of the remaining public land by declaring that these lands would remain public property. The law directs that these lands are managed with a view toward "multiple usage" defined as "the management of public lands and their various resource values ​​so that they are utilized in a combination that will best meet the present and future needs of the American people. "
Established in 2000, the National Landscape Conservation System is overseen by BLM. Land Landscape Conservation System National is only about 12% of the land managed by BLM. Congress passed Title II of the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-11) to make this system a permanent part of the public land protection system in the United States. By establishing these areas for conservation, the law directs BLM to ensure these places are protected for future generations, similar to national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.
Source: BLM Resources and Statistics
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Law enforcement and security
BLM, through its Law Enforcement Office & amp; Security, serves as a federal law enforcement agency of the United States Government. BLM legal guards and special agents receive their training through the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). The full-time staff for this position is approaching 300.
Uniformed Rangers enforce laws and regulations governing BLM land and resources. As part of the mission, these BLM killers carry firearms, defensive equipment, make arrests, execute search warrants, complete reports and testify in court. They seek to establish regular and recurring presence in a large number of public land, roads and recreational areas. They focus on the protection of natural and cultural resources, other BLM employees and visitors. Given the many BLM public land locations, these forest guards use dogs, helicopters, snowmobiling, dirt bikes and boats to do their work.
In contrast, BLM special agencies are criminal investigators who plan and investigate possible violations of criminal and administrative provisions of BLM and other laws under the United States Code. Special agents are usually ordinary clerks carrying hidden firearms, and other defense equipment, making arrests, conducting complex criminal investigations, filing cases for prosecution to the local US Prosecutor and preparing investigative reports. Criminal investigators sometimes investigate internal and civil claims.
Wild horses and burro programs
BLM manages the barrier-free horses and burros on public land in the ten western states. Although they are wild, the agency is obliged to protect them under the Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 (WFRHBA). Because horses have some natural predators, the population has grown substantially. WFRHBA as provided provides for excessive animal removal; the destruction of crippled, old, or ill animals; private placement or excessive animal adoption; and even the destruction of healthy animals if distance management needs them. In fact, the destruction of healthy or unhealthy horses hardly ever happens. Under the 1978 Public Rangelands Enforcement Act, BLM has established 179 "sheep management areas" (HMAs) of 31.6 million hectares (128,000 km 2 ) where wild horses can be found in federal landed.
In 1973, BLM started a pilot project in the Pryor Mountains of the Wild Grass Mountains known as the Adopt-A-Horse initiative. The program takes advantage of the provisions in WFRHBA to allow private "qualified" individuals to "adopt" as much of the horse as they want if they can demonstrate that they can provide adequate care for the animals. At that time, the title for horses remains permanently with the federal government. The pilot project was so successful that the BLM allowed it to enter nationally in 1976. The Adopt-a-Horse program quickly became the primary method for removing excessive wild horses from BLM land due to lack of other feasible methods. BLM also uses a limited number of contraceptive devices in groups, in the form of PZP vaccinations; advocates say that the additional use of this vaccine will help reduce the amount of excess horses currently under BLM management.
Despite the initial success of the adoption program, BLM has struggled to maintain acceptable levels of herd, since without natural predators, the number of flocks can double every four years. In 2014, there are more than 49,000 horses and burro on BLM-managed land, exceeding the "right management level" BLM estimate (AML) by nearly 22,500.
The Bureau of Land Management has implemented several programs and has developed partnerships as part of their management plan to preserve the wild burro and horses in the United States. There are several herds of horses and burros that roam freely in 26.9 million hectares of scattered reach in ten western states. It is important to maintain a balance that keeps farm management and animal populations healthy. Some programs and partnerships include Mustang Heritage Foundation, US Border Patrol, Idaho 4H, Napa Mustang Days and Little Book Cliffs Darting Team. This partnership helps the adoption and population of animals as well as education and raises awareness of wild horses and burros.
Renewable energy
In 2009, BLM opened a Renewable Energy Coordinating Office to approve and supervise wind, solar, biomass and geothermal projects in BLM-managed areas. The offices are located in four states where energy companies have shown the greatest interest in renewable energy development: Arizona, California, Nevada, and Wyoming.
- Solar energy. In 2010, BLM approved the first utility-scale solar energy project on public land. In 2014, 70 solar energy projects covering 560,000 acres (2,300 km 2 ) have been proposed on public lands managed by BLM primarily located in Arizona, California, and Nevada. To date, it has approved 29 projects that have the potential to generate 8,786 megawatts of renewable energy or enough energy to generate approximately 2.6 million homes. The projects are in size from a 45-megawatt photovoltaic system at 422 hectares (171Ã, ha) to 1,000-megawatt parabolic trough systems at 7,025 hectares (2,843Ã, ha).
- Wind energy. BLM manages 20.6 million hectares (83,000 km 2 ) from public land with wind potential. It has approved 39 wind energy development projects with a total capacity of 5,557 megawatts approved or enough to supply the electricity needs of more than 1.5 million homes. In addition, BLM has authorized more than 100 wind energy testing sites.
- Geothermal energy. BLM manages 59 geothermal rents in generating status, with a total capacity of 1,500 megawatts. This amount is more than 40 percent of geothermal energy capacity in the United States.
- Biomass and bioenergy. Large productive forest portfolios leave BLM with woody biomass among its forest product lines. This biomass consists of "smaller diameter materials" and other debris produced from timber production and forest management. Although the use of these materials as renewable resources is emerging, the agency is involved in a pilot project to increase the use of biomass supplies in bioenergy programs.
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References
Further reading
- Skillen, James R. The Greatest Lander of the Nation: The West Land Management Bureau (University Press Kansas, 2009) 320 pp. quotes and text search
- United States. Congress. Senate. BLM Permit Processing: Hearing before the Energy and Natural Resources Committee, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventeen Congress, Second Session... July 29, 2014. Washington, DC: US ​​Government Printing Office, 2014.
External links
- Official Land Management Bureau website
- The Bureau of Land Management in the Federal List
- Opportunities & amp; Challenge: BLM Story - Official History
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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